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NeuroAnatomy > 1st Neuroanatomy Lecture Exam - Intro to Nervous System (Batch 2025) > Flashcards

1st Neuroanatomy Lecture Exam - Intro to Nervous System (Batch 2025) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Pathologic condition shows a cavitation and gliosis in the central canal of the spinal cord
    A. Syringobulbia
    B. Brown-Sequard Syndrome
    C. Syringomyelia
    D. Conus-medullaris Syndrome
A

C. Syringomyelia

CENTRAL CORD LESION
SMALL (SYRINGOMYELIA)
LARGE
- ANTERIOR HORN CELL DMG (LMNL)
- CORTICOSPINAL TRACT DMG (UMNL)

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2
Q
  1. This condition is due to a demyelination of the descending fiber tracts of the spinal cord in young adults and is also thought to be an auto-immune disorder.
    A. Poliomyelitis
    B. Multiple sclerosis
    C. Syringomyelia
    D. Infarction of the cord
A

B. Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis:
autoimmune disease → causes demyelination of dorsal column and medial longitudinal fasciculus
* Internuclear ophtalmoplegia
* UMNs lesion symptoms
* Optic neuritis (loss of vision, color-blindness)
* Diagnosis: clinical + MRI → McDonalds criteria

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3
Q
  1. This pathology is confined to the cortico-spinal tracts and the motor neurons of the anterior gray column, and has been observed to be heredo-familial in 10 percent of cases. It occurs in late middle age.
    A. Multiple sclerosis
    B. Parkinson’s Disease
    C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    D. Syringomyelia
A

C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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4
Q
  1. This disorder is due to a severe deficiency in Vit.B12 and there is extensive damage in the
    A. Posterior and lateral column of the spinal cord
    B. Bilateral frontal lobes
    C. Cerebellar hemispheres
    D. Cortico-cerebellar tracts
A

A. Posterior and lateral column of the spinal cord

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5
Q
  1. When there is a hemisection of the right side of the cord, the following is observable,
    A. Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral side
    B. The loss of pain and temperature sensation is ipsilateral to the lesion
    C. Loss of vibratory and proprioceptive sensation contralateral to lesion
A

A. Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral side

Spinal Cord Lesion:
Brown Sequard Syndrome (Complete hemisection)

lpsilateral loss of tactile discrimination and of vibratory and proprioceptive sensations below the level of the lesion are caused by destruction of the ascending tracts In the posterior white column on the same side of the lesion.

Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensations below the level of the lesion is due to destruction of the crossed lateral spinothalamic tracts on the same side of the lesion. Because the tracts cross obliquely, the sensory loss occurs two or three segments below the lesion distally.

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6
Q
  1. An acute severe and complete transection of the cord damage causes a flaccid paralysis below the level of the lesion, When the level of the lesion is in the upper thoracic and cervical cord segments, there is an associated hypotension called spinal shock, this is due to,
    A. Blood loss
    B. Due to paralysis
    C. Loss of vasomotor tone
    D. Dehydration
A

C. Loss of vasomotor tone

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7
Q
  1. Flaccid paralysis, atrophy and loss of reflexes, contractures , fasciculations and reaction of degeneration are characteristic of,
    A. Upper motor neuron lesions
    B. lower motor neuron lesion
    C. chronic cord compression
    D. pyramidal tract lesions
A

B. lower motor neuron lesion

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8
Q
  1. The Babinski sign, the disappearance of superficial abdominal reflexes and the cremasteric reflex and inability to perform skilled voluntary movements are characteristics of this disorder,
    A. Lower motor neuron disease
    B. Upper motor neuron disease
    C. Descending tract lesions
    D. hemiplegia
A

B. Upper motor neuron disease

Babinski (Spastic) is present in UMNL, never in LMNL

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9
Q
  1. Severe paralysis, spasticity or hypertonicity, exaggerated tendon reflexes clonus and clasp-knife reaction are seen in,
    A. Lower motor neuron disease
    B. Upper motor neuron disease
    C. Lesions of the descending tract
    D. Lesions of the ascending tract
A

B Upper motor neuron disease

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10
Q
  1. The main part of the nervous system is,
    A. Central Nervous System
    B. Autonomic Nervous System
    C. Peripheral Nervous System
    D. All of the above
A

A. Central Nervous System

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11
Q
  1. The craniosacral outflow tract is,
    A. the sympathetic nervous system
    B. the parasympathetic nervous system
    C. the Peripheral nervous system
    D. the Limbic system
A

B. the parasympathetic nervous system

Cranio (CN 3/7/9/10) sacral (S2-S4)

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12
Q
  1. The Spinal nerves and their associated ganglia are parts of the,
    A. Parasympathetic Nervous System
    B. Sympathetic Nervous System
    C. Peripheral Nervous System
    D. The Extrapyramidal tract
A

C. Peripheral Nervous System

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13
Q
  1. Nerve cells embedded in the neuroglia in the central nervous system comprise what is known as the,
    A. The white matter
    B. the gray matter
    C. the pia matter
    D. the dura matter
A

B. the gray matter

Neurons are supported by specialized tissue called NEUROGLIA

Gray matter, which is gray in color, consists of NERVE CELL embedded in neuroglia.

White matter consists of NERVE FIBERS embedded in neuroglia and is white in color because of the presence of lipid material in nerve fiber myelin sheaths.

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14
Q
  1. The term white matter refers to the,
    A. the neurons of the brain
    B. cells of the cerebral cortex
    C. nerve fibers embedded in the neuroglia
    D. neuroglia
A

C. nerve fibers embedded in the neuroglia

Neurons are supported by specialized tissue called NEUROGLIA

Gray matter, which is gray in color, consists of NERVE CELL embedded in neuroglia.

White matter consists of NERVE FIBERS embedded in neuroglia and is white in color because of the presence of lipid material in nerve fiber myelin sheaths.

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15
Q
  1. This structure is midline, and connects the two hemispheres and is made of white matter, this is the
    A. massa intermedia
    B. corpus callosum
    C. crus cerebri
    D. cingulum
A

B. corpus callosum

Commissural Fibers
* Connect areas of cortex in one hemisphere with corresponding areas of opposite hemisphere
* Ex: corpus callosum, anterior and posterior hemisphere

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16
Q
  1. The cerebral hemispheres are separated by a cleft, the longitudinal fissure, this cleft is occupied by a double fold of dura known as the,
    A. Superior sagittal sinus
    B. Inferior sagittal sinus
    C. Tentorium
    D. falx cerebri
A

D. falx cerebri

The longitudinal cerebral fissure contains a fold of dura mater, the falx cerebri.

Meningeal layer gives off 4 major processes/reflections
* Falx cerebri
* Falx cerebelli
* Tentorium cerebelli
* Diaphragma sella

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17
Q
  1. The lentiform nucleus is a lens shaped structure lateral to the internal capsule lies in the
    A. thalamus
    B. basal ganglia
    C. Centrum semiovale
    D. corona radiata
A

B. basal ganglia

Basal nucleus/ganglia
* Corpus Striatum (Caudate Nucleus + Lentiform Nucleus)
* Lentiform Nucleus (Globus pallidus + Putamen)
* Neostriatum (Caudate Nucleus + Putamen)

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18
Q
  1. The tailed nucleus medial to the internal capsule and lentiform nucleus is the,
    A. Basal ganglia
    B. thalamus
    C. caudate nucleus
    D. centum semiovale
A

C. caudate nucleus

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19
Q
  1. Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by two roots, the (Ventral) anterior roots are
    A. sensory nerves
    B. efferent nerves
    C. mixed nerves
    D. sympathetic nerves
A

B. efferent nerves

(D)SA(V)ME

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20
Q
  1. The dorsal (Posterior) root of the spinal nerves carry
    A. Motor fibers
    B. mixed fibers
    C. parasympathetic fibers
    D. Afferent fibers
A

D. Afferent fibers

(D)SA(V)ME

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21
Q
  1. The brachial plexus is formed by nerves from
    A. C1-C7
    B. C2-C7
    C. C1-C8
    D. C1-T1
    E. C5-T2
A

E. C5-T2

22
Q
  1. The upper extremity from the upper arm, forearm wrist and hand are supplied by
    A. C3- C7
    B. C2-C7
    C. C1-C8
    D. C5-T1
A

D. C5-T1

23
Q
  1. A sensory level that changes at the umbilicus implies a lesion in the cord level
    A. T10
    B. T8
    C. T9
    D. T11
A

A. T10

DERMATOMES
Area of the skin supplied by the somatosensory fibers from a single spinal nerve; useful in localizing the levels of lesions

24
Q
  1. A sensory level at T4, means the lesion is in level
    A. T3
    B. T2
    C. T5
    D. T6
A

B. T2

T2 + (2) Upper Thoracic Vertebra = T4

Spinal Lesions can involve only that particular level or it can involve that particular level and everything below it

A lesion of the Spinal cord may result in segmental dysfunction at a particular level, but it also interferes with intersegmental functions (ascending sensory or descending motor pathways) below the level of the lesion

25
Q
  1. The knee jerk or patellar reflex is served by
    A. L2,L3, L4
    B. L3 and L4
    C. L3, L4, L5
    D. L1, L2, L3
A

A. L2,L3, L4

Patellar tendon reflex (knee jerk) L2, 3, and 4 (extension of knee joint on tapping the patellar tendon)

26
Q
  1. Free nerve endings are widely distributed in the body except,
    A. Haversian System Of Bones
    B. Periosteum
    C. Cerebral Cortex
    D. Muscle
A

C. cerebral cortex

Free nerve endings are widely distributed throughout the body.

They are found:
* between the epithelial cells of the skin
* the cornea
* alimentary tract
* connective tissues
* dermis, fascia
* ligaments
* joint capsules
* tendons
* periosteum
* perichondrium
* haversian systems of bone
* tympanic membrane
* dental pulp
* muscle

Mechanoreceptors: These respond to mechanical deformation

27
Q
  1. Free nerve endings detect.
    A. Pain
    B. Crude Touch
    C. Tickling Sensation
    D. Letter A And Letter C Only
    E. All Of The Above
A

E. all of the above

Most of these endings detects:
* pain
* crude touch
* pressure
* tickle sensations
* cold and heat

28
Q
  1. These are slow adapting touch receptors that transmit information about the degree of pressure exerted on skin, like when one is holding a pen when writing or a scalpel when operating
    A. Pacinian corpuscles
    B. Meissner’s corpuscles
    C. Merkel’s discs
    D. Ruffini’s corpuscles
    E. free nerve endings
A

C. Merkel’s discs

MERKEL’S TACTILE DISCS
* Receptor for Touch

  • Location:
    o In hairless skin (e.g. fingertips)
    o In hair follicles
  • Description:
    o Nerve fiber pass into the epidermis and terminates
    as a disc-shaped expansion
    o Disc-shaped expansion is applied closely to a
    dark staining epithelial cell (Merkel cell) in deeper
    part of the epidermis
    o In hairy skin, clusters of Merkel’s disc (tactile
    domes) are found in the epidermis between hair
    follicles
29
Q
  1. These receptors are located in the dermal papillae of the palm of the hand and soles of the feet, sensitive to touch and are **rapidly **adapting mechano- receptors and detect two-point discrimination, these are
    A. Merkel’s discs
    B. Pacinian corpuscles
    C. Ruffini corpuscles
    D. Meissner’s corpuscles
A

D. Meissner’s corpuscles

30
Q
  1. These receptors are widely distributed and abundant in dermis, subcutaneous tissue, , ligaments, joint capsules, pleura, peritoneum, external genitalia, detect two point discrimination, these are
    A. Meissner’s corpuscles
    B. Merkel’s discs
    C. Ruffini’s corpuscles
    D. Pacinian corpuscles
A

D. Pacinian corpuscles

VATER-PACINIAN CORPUSCLE
* Receptor for Deep Pressure (coarse touch), vibration and tension; fastest to adapt

  • Location:
    o Dermis
    o Subcutaneous tissue
    o Ligaments
    o Joint capsules
    o Pleura
    o Peritoneum
    o Nipples
    o External genitalia
  • Description:
    o 1-4 mm long
    o In section, appear like a cut onion
  • Consists of:
    o Capsule (consists of concentric lamellae of flattened modified Schwann cells)
    o Central core (contain the nerve ending)
    o A large myelinated nerve fiber enters the capsule, becomes a single large unbranched non- myelinated fiber that terminates in an expanded end
31
Q
  1. These corpuscles are located in the dermis of hairy skin, and consist of several large unmyelinated fibers ending within a bundle of collagen fibers surrounded by a capsule. They are **slow adapting **mechano-receptors and **stretch receptors, **these are
    A. Ruffini’s corpuscles
    B. Meissner’s corpuscles
    C. Pacinian corpuscles
    D. Free nerve endings
A

A. Ruffini’s corpuscles

32
Q
  1. When a stimulus is applied to a receptor, it causes a change in the electrical potential of the plasma membrane of the nerve ending, this change from** one form of energy to another** is known as
    A. Transformation
    B. Transduction
    C. Transition
    D. Transmogrification
A

B. transduction

Transduction is the process by which one form of energy (the stimulus) is changed into another form of energy (electrochemical energy of the nerve impulse).

33
Q
  1. Four types of sensory endings are located in the capsule and ligaments of the synovial joints these are **encapsulated and provide the CNS **with information regarding,
    A. Pressure
    B. Temperature
    C. Position And Movement
    D. Vibration
A

C. Position And Movement

Joint Receptors

Four types of sensory endings can be located in the capsule and ligaments of synovial joints.

Three of these endings are encapsulated and resemble pacinian, Ruffini, and tendon stretch receptors.
They provide the central nervous system with information regarding the **position and movements of the joint. **

Encapsulated Receptors (Meissner’s corpusles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles, Neuromascular spindles, Neurotendinous spindles)

A fourth type of ending is nonencapsulated and is thought to be sensitive to excessive movements and to transmit pain sensations.

NonEncapsulated Receptors (Free nerve endings, Merkel discs, Hair follicle receptors)

34
Q
  1. These structures are found in skeletal muscles and are numerous towards the tendinous attachments and provide the CNS with sensory information regarding muscle length and rate of change in muscle length to control muscle activity, these are
    A. Joint Receptors
    B. Neuromuscular Spindles
    C. Golgi Tendon Spindles
    D. Ruffini’s Corpuscles
A

B. neuromuscular spindles

Neuromuscular (Muscle) spindles

  • Receptor for stretch reflex (proprioception): provide CNS with sensory information regarding muscle length and rate of change in muscle length
  • Location: Skeletal muscle (toward the tendinous attachment)
  • Description: 1-4 mm in length, surrounded by a fusiform capsule of connective tissue
35
Q
  1. The skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by
    A. Small Gamma Myelinated Fibers
    B. Fine Unmyelinated Fibers
    C. Large Alpha Myelinated Fibers
    D. Unmyelinated C Fibers
A

C. large alpha myelinated fibers

36
Q
  1. The sensory supply of skeletal muscles are
    A. Myelinated Fibers From Annulo-Spiral And Flower Spray Endings Of The Neuromuscular Spindle
    B. Myelinated Fibers From Neurotendinous Spindles
    C. Myelinated And Unmyelinated Fibers From A Variety Of Sensory Endings In The Connective Tissue Of Muscles
    D. A and B Only
    E. A, B, and C Are Correct
A

E. A, B, and C Are Correct

37
Q
  1. These fibers are concerned with dynamic responses and are associated with position and velocity of contraction
    A. Gamma Efferents
    B. Nuclear Bag Fibers
    C.Golgi Tendon Organs
    D. Extrafusal Fibers
A

B. nuclear bag fibers

Control of the Intrafusal Fibers of the Neuromuscular Spindle

It is estimated that about one-third of all the motor fibers passing to a muscle are gamma efferents; the remaining two- thirds are the large alpha motor fibers.
It is believed that the nuclear bag fibers are concerned with dynamic responses and are associated more with **position and velocity of contraction, **

whereas the nuclear chain fibers are associated with slow static contractions of voluntary muscle.

38
Q
  1. The reticular formation, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum give rise to tracts that synapse with these neurons in the spinal cord
    A. Large Alpha Motor Neurons
    B. Afferent Neurons
    C. Gamma Motor Neurons
    D. Giant Cells Of Betz
A

C. Gamma Motor Neurons

Control of the Intrafusal Fibers of the Neuromuscular Spindle

In the brain and spinal cord, there are centers that give rise to tracts that synapse with gamma motor neurons in the spinal cord.
**The reticular formation, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum are examples of such centers. **
It is by these means that these centers can greatly influence voluntary muscle activity.
The gamma efferent motor fibers cause shortening of the intrafusal fibers, stretching the equatorial regions and stimulating the annulospiral and flower-spray endings.
This, in turn, initiates the reflex contraction of the extrafusal fibers described previously.

39
Q
  1. The large alpha myelinated fibers, small gamma myelinated fibers and fine unmyelinated fibers are the main innervation of the skeletal muscles and these are
    A. Purely Motor Fibers
    B. Purely Sensory Fibers
    C. Mixed Fibers
    D. None Of The Above
A

A. purely motor fibers

The motor fibers are of three types:
(1) large alpha myelinated fibers
(2) small gamma myelinated fibers
(3) fine unmyelinated C fibers

The sensory fibers are of three main types:
(1) the myelinated fibers
* which originate in the annulospiral and flower- spray endings of the neuromuscular spindles;

(2) the myelinated fibers
* which originate in the neurotendinous spindles;

(3) the myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers,
* which originate from a variety of sensory endings in the connective tissue of the muscle.

40
Q
  1. The myelinated fibers from the annulo-spiral and flower spray endings from the neuro-muscular spindle, the myelinated fibers from the neurotendinous spindles and the myelinated and unmyelinated fibers from connective tissue are
    A. Motor Fibers
    B. Sensory Fibers
    C. Mixed
    D. Neither
A

B. Sensory Fibers

The sensory fibers are of three main types:
(1) the myelinated fibers
* which originate in the annulospiral and flower- spray endings of the neuromuscular spindles;

(2) the myelinated fibers
* which originate in the neurotendinous spindles;

(3) the myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers,
* which originate from a variety of sensory endings in the connective tissue of the muscle.

41
Q
  1. The muscle fibers, tendons, myelinated nerves, naked axons, intrafusal and extrafusal fibers are components of the
    A. Motor End Plate
    B. Neuro-Tendinous Spindle
    C.Neuro-Muscular Spindle
    D. Neuromuscular Junction
A

C. neuro-muscular spindle

Each spindle measures about 1 to 4 mm in length and is surrounded by a fusiform capsule of connective tissue.

Within the capsule are 6 to 14 **slender intrafusal muscle fibers; **
the ordinary muscle fibers situated outside the spindles are referred to as extrafusal fibers.

The intrafusal fibers of the spindles are of two types: the nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers

42
Q
  1. The intrafusal muscle fiber and its motor end plate, the capsule containing it and the nuclear bag, annulospiral and flower spray endings , is a unit called
    A. Neurotendinous Spindle
    B. Neuromuscular Junction
    C. Neuromuscular Spindle
    D. Motor Unit
A

C. neuromuscular spindle

Neuromuscular (muscle) spindle

The motor fibers are of three types:
(1) large alpha myelinated fibers
(2) small gamma myelinated fibers
(3) fine unmyelinated C fibers

The sensory fibers are of three main types:
(1) the myelinated fibers
* which originate in the annulospiral and flower- spray endings of the neuromuscular spindles;

(2) the myelinated fibers
* which originate in the neurotendinous spindles;

(3) the myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers,
* which originate from a variety of sensory endings in the connective tissue of the muscle.

43
Q
  1. A single alpha motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates is known as
    A. Muscle Spindle
    B. Neurotendinous Spindle
    C. Neuromuscular Junction
    D. Motor Unit
A

D. motor unit

44
Q
  1. An axon with its investments coming in contact with sarcolemma is known as
    A. a motor unit
    B. neuromuscular junction
    C. a reflex arc
    D. spinothalamic tract
A

B. neuromuscular junction

45
Q
  1. Neuromuscular and neurotendinous spindles passing into the dorsal root entry zone and synapsing at the alpha anterior horn cells and then to the lower motor neuron back to the muscle end plates, are components of a:
    A. pyramidal tract
    B. cortico-spinal tract
    C. reflex arc
    D. neurovascular hilus
A

C. reflex arc

46
Q
  1. Neuromuscular and neurotendinous spindles passing into the dorsal root entry zone and synapsing at the alpha anterior horn cells and then to the lower motor neuron back to the muscle end plates, are components of a:
    A pyramidal tract
    B cortico-spinal tract
    C reflex arc
    D neurovascular hilus
A

C. reflex arc

47
Q
  1. Smooth muscles are innervated mainly by:
    A. general peripheral nerves
    B. sympathetic nervous system
    C. parasympathetic nervous system
    D. combination of a and b
A

B. sympathetic nervous system

It is noteworthy that in some areas of the body (e.g., bronchial muscle), the norepinephrine liberated from post- ganglionic sympathetic fibers causes smooth muscle to relax and not contract.

Smooth muscle innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic system.

Skeletal Muscle (Somatic Nervous System) : Voluntary
Smooth/Cardiac Muscle (Autonomic Nervous System): Involuntary/Visceral)- Glands/Adipocytes

Neurotransmitter for postganglionic sympathetic NS:
Adrenergic- Norepinephrine & Epinephrine
Fiber: Noradrenergic

Neurotransmitter for post-ganglionic parasympathetic NS:
Acetylcholine
Fiber: Cholinergic

*Exception for postganglionic sympathetic: Sweat glands, it’s neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
*Preganglionic neurotransmitter for sympathetic and parasympathetic is acetylcholine.

Axoplasm contains numerous vesicles similar to that seen in the motor end-plate of skeletal muscle.
* Cholinergic fibers liberate acetylcholine
* Noradrenergic fibers release norepinephrine cells
Both neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis

48
Q
  1. The heart muscle is mainly innervated by:
    A. the peripheral nervous system
    B. the sympathetic nervous system
    C. the parasympathetic nervous system
    D. a balance of a and b
A

C. the parasympathetic nervous system

Skeletal Muscle (Somatic Nervous System) : Voluntary
Smooth/Cardiac Muscle (Autonomic Nervous System): Involuntary/Visceral)- Glands/Adipocytes

Neurotransmitter for postganglionic sympathetic NS:
Adrenergic- Norepinephrine & Epinephrine
Fiber: Noradrenergic

Neurotransmitter for post-ganglionic parasympathetic NS:
Acetylcholine
Fiber: Cholinergic

*Exception for postganglionic sympathetic: Sweat glands, it’s neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
*Preganglionic neurotransmitter for sympathetic and parasympathetic is acetylcholine.

49
Q
  1. The biceps brachii tendon reflex is an arc passing the brachial nerve into the level
    A. C3-C4
    B. C4-C5
    C. C5-C6
    D. C7-T1
A

C. C5-C6

50
Q
  1. This structure keeps the CNS informed about the length of muscle and the rate of change in its length
    A. neuromuscular bundle
    B. neuromuscular spindle
    C. motor end plate
    D. neuro-tendinous spindle
A

B. neuromuscular spindle

The neuromuscular spindle thus plays a very important role in keeping the central nervous system informed about the length of a muscle and the rate of change of its length, thereby indirectly influencing the control of voluntary muscle.

NeuroAnatomy (9 decks)

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