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A&P 1 - Unit 1 > 2-1. Chemistry Comes Alive > Flashcards

2-1. Chemistry Comes Alive Flashcards

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1
Q

compound

A

substances composed of 2 or more elements

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2
Q

What are the two classes of compounds?

A

inorganic and organic

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3
Q

List the four inorganic compounds.

A

water
acid
base
salt

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4
Q

inorganic compound (def.)

A

small molecules that usually do not contain carbon; most are held together by ionic bonds

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5
Q

What is the most important inorganic compound, that life couldn’t exist without?

A

water

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6
Q

What are 5 reasons why life cannot exist without water?

A

high specific heat (takes a lot of energy to change temperature, heats up and cools off slowly)

high heat of vaporization (a lot of heat to turn from liquid to gas (eg. sweat))

excellent solvent (dissolves a greater variety and quantity of substances)

cellular reaction (most bio molecules don’t react unless dissolved in water)

lubricant/cushioning (reduces friction)

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7
Q

acid

A

substance that releases H+ (hydrogen ions) when dissolved in water, increasing H+ content

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8
Q

base

A

substance that takes up H+, decreasing H+ content and increasing OH- content

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9
Q

salt

A

ionic compounds formed by adding an acid to a base (eg. NaCl)

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10
Q

Which inorganic compound is a proton donor?

A

acid

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11
Q

Which inorganic compound is a proton acceptor?

A

base

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12
Q

What cations and anions can a salt NOT consist of?

A

Cation not H+

Anion not OH-

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13
Q

What happens if a salt is dissolved in water?

A

Disassociates into its ions

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14
Q

electrolyte

A

substances that conduct electricity

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15
Q

What are the four types of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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16
Q

pH Scale

A

measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution, based on concentration of H+

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17
Q

What is the range of the pH scale?

A

0 > acid
7 > neutral
14 > base

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18
Q

Change in one pH unit is a ___ change in degree of acidity/alkalinity

A

10x

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19
Q

Urine (pH 6) is ____ more ____ than water

A

10x; acidic

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20
Q

Ammonia (pH 11) is ____ more ____ than Tums (pH 9)

A

100x; alkaline

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21
Q

Vinegar (pH 3) is ___ more ____ than milk (pH 6)

A

1000x; acidic

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22
Q

organic compound (def)

A

large, covalently-bonded molecules with carbon backbones

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23
Q

Carbon forms _(#)__ __(type)__ bonds.

A

4 covalent

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24
Q

Which compound (organic/inorganic) decomposes easily?

A

Organic b/c of covalent bonds; good source of energy

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25
Carbohydrate (def and composition)
sugar and starches made of the ratio: 1C, 2H, 1O (CHHO)
26
What are the types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides
27
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
1. easily used source of cellular fuel | 2. structural purpose
28
monosaccharide
simple carbohydrate with 3-7 carbon hydrates; monomers for other carbohydrates
29
What are two examples of a monosaccharide?
glucose, fructose
30
disaccharides
double sugars, formed by covalent bonding of two simple sugers
31
What are three examples of a disaccharide?
sucrose (table sugar) maltose (grain sugar) lactose (milk sugar)
32
polysaccharides
many molecules of sugar linked in a long chain (polymer), and are insoluble. Ideal storage product but lack sweetness
33
What are two examples of polysaccharides?
starch (plant stored sugar) | glycogen (human stored sugar)
34
How do monomers combine to form polymers?
dehydration synthesis - chain reaction where small molecules unite to form larger ones, removing one molecule of water
35
How do polymers break down into monomers?
hydrolysis - decomposition; breakdown of a polymer into monomers by adding water
36
``` Which of the following is a disaccharide? glucose sucrose fructose glycogen ```
sucrose
37
``` Which of the following is a monosaccharide? glucose glycogen lactose sucrose ```
glucose
38
What do animals store carbohydrates as?
glycogen
39
What do plants store carbohydrates as?
starch
40
Lipid (def and composition)
fats and oils, insoluble in water; made of CHO, and some P | CHOP
41
What are the three types of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
42
triglyceride
most abundant type of lipid; richest energy source, also known as neutral fat made of 2 carbon alcohol (glycerol) with three fatty acids attached
43
What are the three types of fatty acid?
saturated, unsaturated, transfat
44
saturated fatty acid
fatty acid where every carbon in chain is bonded to 2 H atoms; solid at room temp and common in animals ("fats")
45
unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid where carbon is not "saturated" with hydrogen - double bonds btwn some carbon atoms; liquid at room temp and common in plants ("oils")
46
trans fats
oils that have been solidified with addition of H atoms
47
hydrogenated
process of adding H atoms to a vegetable oil to create a solid
48
What are 2 functions of neutral fats?
1. most efficient form of stored energy - more kcal/gram than any other food 2. insulation and padding
49
phospholipids
glycerol backbone with two fatty acids - third carbon as a phosphate group attached
50
What is the function of a phospholipid?
chief component of all cell membranes
51
steroids
4 fused carbon rings form the backbone of these complex molecules
52
What are the 4 types of steroids?
cholesterol sex hormones bile salts corticosteriods
53
cholesterol
essential for life; raw mineral of vitamin D
54
sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone (female) | testosterone (male)
55
bile salts
aid in digestion and absorption of fats in diet
56
corticosteriods
hormones from adrenal gland, essential for life
57
protein (def and composition)
large complex polymers made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S (CHON-S)
58
what is the monomer of a protein?
amino acids
59
How many amino acids are there?
20
60
dipeptide
2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond
61
polypeptide
long chain of 10+ amino acids
62
What are the four levels of protein structure?
primary secondary tertiary quarternary
63
What is the most important level of protein structure?
primary level - order of the amino acids
64
What are the two types of functional proteins?
fibrous protein and globular protein
65
What are the two functions of fibrous protein?
structure and mechnical support | movement
66
What are three examples of fibrous protein that aid in structure?
collagen; keratin; elastin
67
What are the four functions of globular protein?
catalysis transport regulation of metabolism body defense
68
Which globular protein is responsible for catalysis?
enzymes - speed up biological reactions
69
Which globular protein is responsible for transport?
hemoglobin - transport O in blood
70
Which globular protein is responsible for regulation of metabolism?
hormones - regulate growth, development and metabolism
71
Which globular protein is responsible for body defense?
antibodies - specialized proteins released by immune cells to destroy foreign substances
72
denaturization
large change in temperature causing proteins to lose their 3D shape - when shape is lost, can no longer perform their specific functions
73
What is the danger of a high fever?
proteins (enzymes) denature, and can no longer speed up biological reactions
74
Nucleic acid (def and composition)
largest molecules in body, composed of C, H, O, N, P (CHONP); made of building blocks called nucleotides
75
What are the structural elements of a nucleotide?
1. pentose sugar (5 C sugar) 2. nitrogenous base 3. phosphate group
76
Which two pentose sugars make up nucleic acids?
ribose or deoxyribose
77
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
78
DNA
genetic material that makes up chromosomes (found in nucleus)
79
RNA
carrise out protein synthesis, translates instructions on DNA
80
In DNA, adenine pairs with ___.
thymine
81
In DNA, guanine pairs with ___.
cytosine
82
What are the 4 structural elements of DNA?
1. nucleotide building blocks form a chain, with phosphate of one linking to sugar of the next. 2. one molecule has two chains, held together by complimentary base pairs (A-T, G-C). 3. Resembles a ladder; rails are alternating sugar-phosphate groups, rungs are pairs of nitrogenous bases 4. ladder twists itself into a double helix
83
How is RNA's structure different from DNA?
1. RNA is a single chain of nucleotides 2. The 5-carbon sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose 3. RNA has uracil instead of thymine
84
In DNA, cytosine pairs with ___.
guanine
85
In DNA, thymine pairs with ___.
adenine
86
ATP
adenosine triphosphate; an adenine containing RNA nucleotide to which additional phosphate groups have been added
87
What form of energy is immediately usable to cells?
ATP - terminal phosphatre bond is broken, releasing energy for work: ATP > ADP + P + (energy)
88
Build the complimentary chain of DNA: Chain 1: A T C A G T C G Chain 2: ?
T A G T C A G C
89
What type of bond is found in an organic compound?
covalent
90
Which compound is carbon based?
organic compounds
91
What type of bond is found in an inorganic compound?
ionic

A&P 1 - Unit 1 (8 decks)

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