1-1. Introduction/Directional Terms

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

the study of the functions of the body and its parts

Question 3

What is Anatomy and Physiology, colloquially?

Answer 3

what do the body parts look like (Anatomy) and how do they work (Physiology)

Question 4

Principle of Complimentarity

Answer 4

each structure in the body is designed to carry out its specific functions

Question 5

Organizational Levels (define)

Answer 5

made of matter; highly organized; seven levels of organization

Question 6

What are the levels of organization, in order?

Answer 6

1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Cells
4. Tissues
5. Organs
6. Organ Systems
7. Organism

Question 7

Atom

Answer 7

First level;

smallest unit of an element; basic building block of matter

Question 8

Molecule

Answer 8

Second level;

two or more atoms bonded together

Question 9

Cell

Answer 9

third level;
smallest unit of life, made of trillions of molecules
basic building block of the body

Question 10

Tissue

Answer 10

fourth level;

a group of similar cells that have a common function/purpose

Question 11

Organ

Answer 11

fifth level;

distinct structure made of two or more different tissues

Question 12

Organ System

Answer 12

sixth level;

group of organs that work together for a common purpose

Question 13

Organism

Answer 13

seventh (final) level;

a living human being made up of 11 organ systems

Question 14

matter

Answer 14

anything that has mass and occupies space

Question 15

List all organ systems

Answer 15

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive

Question 16

anatomical position

Answer 16

standard body position: stand upright, feet flat on floor, face forward, arms at sides, palms forward

Question 17

directional terms

Answer 17

refer to the body as if it is in the anatomical position, regardless of its actual position

Question 18

List the pairs of directional terms

Answer 18

superior - inferior
anterior - posterior
medial - lateral
proximal - distal
superficial - deep

Question 19

superior

Answer 19

cranial; towards the head end (“above”)

opposite of inferior

Question 20

inferior

Answer 20

caudal; away from the head end (“below”)

opposite of superior

Question 21

anterior

Answer 21

ventral; toward or at the front (“belly”)

opposite of posterior

Question 22

posterior

Answer 22

dorsal; toward or at the back (“tail”)

opposite of anterior

Question 23

medial

Answer 23

towards the midline of the body

opposite of lateral

Question 24

lateral

Answer 24

away from the midline of the body

opposite of medial

Question 25

proximal

Answer 25

closer to the origin (beginning) of the body part or to the point of attachment opposite of distal

Question 26

distal

Answer 26

further from the origin or point of attachment | opposite of proximal

Question 27

superficial

Answer 27

external; towards the surface | opposite of deep

Question 28

deep

Answer 28

internal; away from the surface | opposite of superficial

Question 29

The ankle is ____ to the knee.

Answer 29

distal

Question 30

The ears are ____ to the nose.

Answer 30

lateral

Question 31

The chin is ____ to the neck

Answer 31

superior

Question 32

The esophagus is ____ to the trachea.

Answer 32

posterior

Question 33

The skin is ____ to the muscle.

Answer 33

superficial

Question 34

regional names (definition)

Answer 34

used to designate specific areas of the body

Question 35

body sections (definition)

Answer 35

a flat surface resulting from a cut (actual or mechanical/imaging)

Question 36

List the body sections

Answer 36

frontal section transverse (coronal) section sagittal section (midsagital and parasagital)

Question 37

List the types of sagittal sections

Answer 37

midsagittal and parasagittal

Question 38

frontal section

Answer 38

made by a cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Question 39

transverse section

Answer 39

(coronal section) - cross section made by a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Question 40

sagittal section

Answer 40

made by a cut that divides the body into right and left parts two types: midsagittal and parasagittal

Question 41

midsagittal section

Answer 41

through the midline, dividing the body into equal right and left parts

Question 42

parasagittal section

Answer 42

not through the midline, dividing the body into unequal right and left parts

Question 43

body cavities (definition)

Answer 43

spaces inside the body containing organs and separated by bones and muscle

Question 44

List the body cavities

Answer 44

Dorsal cavity >cranial cavity >spinal cavity ``` Ventral cavity >thorasic cavity -pleural cavity -pericardial cavity -superior mediastinu >abdominopelvic cavity -abdominal cavity -pelvic cavity ```

Question 45

dorsal cavity

Answer 45

smaller section near the back; composed of cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Question 46

cranial cavity

Answer 46

superior dorsal cavity containing the brain, inside the skull

Question 47

spinal cavity

Answer 47

inferior dorsal cavity inside of backbone

Question 48

ventral cavity

Answer 48

large cavity near the front, contains the viscera

Question 49

viscera

Answer 49

organs within the cavity

Question 50

thorasic cavity

Answer 50

superior ventral cavity, commonly called the chest; superior to the diaphram, surrounded by ribcage; contains the pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and superior mediastinum

Question 51

pleural cavity

Answer 51

within the thorasic cavity, encloses each lung

Question 52

pericardial cavity

Answer 52

within the thorasic cavity, encloses the heart

Question 53

superior mediastinum

Answer 53

within the thorasic cavity, center of the thorax between the lungs

Question 54

abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 54

inferior ventral cavity, large and inferior to the diaphram, contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 55

abdominal cavity

Answer 55

within the abdominopelvic cavity, contains digestive viscera

Question 56

pelvic cavity

Answer 56

within the abdominopelvic cavity, lower region within the bony pelvis containing bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs

Question 57

abdominopelvic quadrants (definition)

Answer 57

used for locating the site of pain or tumor

Question 58

List the abdominopelvic quadrants.

Answer 58

RUQ - right upper LUQ - left upper RLQ - right lower LLQ - left lower

Question 59

serous membrane

Answer 59

a double-walled membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the surface of the organs it contains

Question 60

What are the two types of serous membrane?

Answer 60

``` parietal serosa (outer layer, lines cavity walls) visceral serosa (inner layer, covers organs) ```

Question 61

What membrane covers the ventral body cavity?

Answer 61

serous membrane

Question 62

serous fluid

Answer 62

thin layer of lubricating fluid between the two layers; allows organs to move without friction

Question 63

Which serous membranes are found in the pericardium cavity?

Answer 63

parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

Question 64

parietal pericardium

Answer 64

outer lining of the pericardial cavity

Question 65

visceral pericardium

Answer 65

covers surface of heart

Question 66

Which serous membranes are found in the pleural cavity?

Answer 66

parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Question 67

parietal pleura

Answer 67

outer lining of pleural cavity

Question 68

visceral pleura

Answer 68

covers surface of lungs

Question 69

parietal serosa

Answer 69

outer layer, lines ventral body cavity walls

Question 70

visceral serosa

Answer 70

inner layer, covers organs (viscera) in the ventral cavity