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Question 1

AV Dissociation (AVD) versus Heart Block

Answer 1

AVD: ventricular rate is the same or faster than the atrial rate; pacemaker is not required. HEART BLOCKS: ventricular rate is slower than atrial rate; pacemaker is required.

Question 2

N

Answer 2

positive lead I and positive aVF

Question 3

Right versus left atrial enlargement

Answer 3

RIGHT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT: activity is reflected in first half of P wave; characterized by tall, peaked P waves in lead II. LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT: activity is reflected in second half of P wave; characterized by broad P wave in lead II.

Question 4

Rule of 35

Answer 4

Measure the deepest wave in V1 or V2 and add height of tallest wave in V5 or V6; if the sum is greater than 35mm and patient is greater than 35 y/o, criteria for left ventricular enlargement are met.

Question 5

LAD

Answer 5

positive lead I and negative aVF

Question 6

Right versus left ventricular enlargement

Answer 6

RIGHT VENTRICULAR ENLARGEMENT: characterized by tall R waves in V1 and deep S waves in V6. LEFT VENTRICULAR ENLARGEMENT: characterized using rule of 35.

Question 7

Right versus left bundle branch blocks

Answer 7

RIGHT BBB: characterized by upwards QRS with a notched R wave in V1. LEFT BBB: characterized by downwards QRS with small R wave.

Question 8

Normal blood pressure

Answer 8

SYSTOLIC: less than 120mmHg. DIASTOLIC: less than 80 mmHg.

Question 9

Systolic versus diastolic

Answer 9

SYSTOLIC: highest level of pressure that is reached to push blood into your arteries as heart contracts. DIASTOLIC: lowest level of pressure that is reached as the heart relaxes.

Question 10

RAD

Answer 10

negative lead I and positive aVF

Question 11

Myocardial ischemia

Answer 11

Myocardial ischemia is a shortage of oxygen; causes delay in depolarization and repolarization; leads to ST depression and/or T wave inversion; main symptom is chest pain.

Question 12

Myocardial infarction

Answer 12

Myocardial infarction or “heart attack” is tissue death caused by prolonged ischemia.

Question 13

Levine sign

Answer 13

clutching of the heart

Question 14

ExRA

Answer 14

negative lead I and negative aVF

Question 15

Atherosclerosis

Answer 15

Atherosclerosis is the progressive formation of plaque from cholesterol buildup in the innermost layer of arteries.

Question 16

Aminophylline

Answer 16

Aminophylline acts as a reversal agent to any developed side effects during cardiac stress test.