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Question 0

Greek thought represented a shift from-

Answer 0

Primitive animism toward looking to nature/environment for the causes of conscious experience and movement

Question 1

Conscious experience and movement were due to spirits which all living things possessed and death was the loss of the spirit.

Answer 1

Pre-Greek Animism

Question 2

Sought natural/environmental causes for behavior and the mind

Forerunners of physical science

Answer 2

The Ionian federation in Miletus

Question 3

Expert astronomical prediction and calculation (predicting a solar eclipse)

The world was made up of fire, water, air, and earth

Answer 3

Thales (600 BC)

Question 4

World was made up of different tiny particles called atoms

Living things had mobile atoms giving them movement

Non-living things had immobile atoms (link to active and passive mind later)

Answer 4

Democritus (400 BC)

Question 5

All sensations entered the body as particles through pores in sensory receptors and traveled to be ha sensorium.

Answer 5

Empedocles (540 BC) (Biomedical perspective)

Question 6

Life and activity were directed toward seeking equilibrium for the body.

Answer 6

Alcmaeon (500 BC) biomedical perspective

Question 7

based on alcmaeon’s theme of homeostasis he argued that spiritual and physical health required a balance in the four body humors (humoral therapy).
Blood, yellow bile, black hole and phlegm

The brain is the seat of the psyche

Wrote 87 treatises physical and mental illness

Answer 7

Hippocrates the physician (400 BC)

Question 8

Truth and order of the universe was to be found in pure abstract mathematics

Since mathematical truths transcend physical life, they are the pure and universal truths, not susceptible to distortion by the senses. (Mysticism)

Answer 8

The Pythagoreans (mathematical perspective)

Question 9

Deduced many theorems of geometry

What we know by way of our senses is distorted

What we learn from mathematics is a function of pure reason and intuition and therefore truth

Humans and animals have feelings and souls but only humans have reason

More geometry followed with Hippocrates the mathematician (first scrolls on geometry) and Euclid (more axioms of geometry and mathematics)

Answer 9

Pythagoras (540 BC)

Question 10

Traveling scholars (mobile university) 
Advocated a practical eclectic approach to knowledge 
Most were serious scholars and philosophers, but some were avaricious according to Plato

Answer 10

The Sophists

Question 11

danger in generalizing beyond that which was directly observable in the physical world

Trust only your senses which were physical reality

We should study the physical/biological world as an end in itself, not as a means to discovering truth

Advocates skepticism to assertions beyond the observable

Answer 11

Protagoras

Question 12

Nothing exists beyond what we perceive

Study how things work (pragmatism)

The bases for natural science were

Observation
Skepticism
Operationism

Answer 12

Georgias: On Nature (circa 400 BC)

Question 13

Human capacity for reason, language and self reflection placed humans on a higher plane than all other creatures

The world was originally chaos (fire earth air and water) brought into order by a world mind called nous

Nous as a part of all life is a force that oversees the world

Individual differences were biological but humans are all connected by the common spirit of nous (may the force be with you)

Answer 13

Anaxagoras (440 BC). HUMANIST

Question 14

Attacked the sophists arguing that there was more to life than the physical reality

Without transcendent principles, morals would be lost and progress would cease

Knowledge is universal, thus a “reasonable” person can learn truth and make moral judgements

Focused on people and their place in nature ethics and politics

His political positions on who was fit to make moral judgements stepped on the wrong toes in Athens and he was given the option of suicide which he took

Answer 14

Socrates

Question 15

Studied with the Pythagoreans picking up their mystical influence (prior incarnations) and love of pure mathematics

Clear dualism between mind and body

Clearly rejected the sophists by arguing that the body uses imperfect sensation to inform the mind which MUST use rational processes to seek truth

Mathematics was a tool of such importance for logical thinking and applied astronomy that he has inscribed over his academy “let no one without geometry enter here”

Sensory data leads to precepts which are distorted but the basis for discovering truth through reason

Precepts lead to ideas which are stable generalizations, based on but not dependent on precepts (roots of British empiricism)

Answer 15

Plato (380 BC) student of Socrates

Question 16

The soul (mind) is in the head and is spiritual and rational comprising of ideas and motivating forces, but the body is irrational

Mind soul has two functions

Intellective higher functions of intuitive knowledge (nativism)

And lower functions opinions beliefs conjectures derived from body’s interaction with environment (empiricism)

Answer 16

Plato

Question 17

Science is ideas which are rationally derived but not sensory bound

The soul exists in prior incarnations and brings with it that innate knowledge

The good life was one based on a balance of reason (mind) and pleasure (body)

Reconciles sensory knowledge with rational knowledge

Distrust of the body leads to distrust of government and politics

Answer 17

Plato

Question 18

Tutor to Alexander the Great

Opened a school in Athens, influential and powerful

Prolific writer but much of work lost at Alexandria

Answer 18

Aristotle platos student for 20 years

Question 19

Tremendous influence on roman thought and science

Primarily and empiricist but used nativistic concepts from Plato as well

Extended platos mind body dualism with an emphasis on rational processes to know the soul (scholastism later).

Answer 19

Aristotle

Question 20

Logical processes of inquiry using deductive (general proposition– truth) and inductive logic (many specifics to general truth)

Testing general propositions via syllogisms white reflects light, snow is white, therefore snow reflects light

Answer 20

Aristotle

Question 21

Fullest expression of metaphysics. Organization and classification of scientific knowledge and relationships

Much of Aristotle thinking was in what could be called “psychology”

Dualism: the senses (body) inform the soul (mind) but the mind interprets and corrects the information

Answer 21

Aristotle

Question 22

The soul controlled vegetative and sensory processes (all animals ) and the rational and intellective powers of humans

A complete understanding of truth must be based but not sole on an understanding of the body

Answer 22

Aristotle

Question 23

Ideas result from simple associations, strengthened by repetition of patterns in short term memory. Simple learning and memory)

Ideas may be recalled from long term memory influenced by similarity frequency contrast and continuity (memory cognitive psych and British empiricism)

Emphasizes the logical categorization of things as a method to organize knowledge categories important in social cognition and stereotyping

Answer 23

Aristotle

Question 24

After Julius Caesar, it became the Roman Empire which lasted another 500 in west and 1500 in east Social order by law, and the spread of common language and culture. Romans were applied rather than theoretical scientists- builders and administrators Scholars and scones existed in most major cities

Answer 24

Roman republic from 500 BC to Caesar 44 BC with a constitution and rule invested in a senate

Question 25

A long quiescent period where applied science and dissemination of Greek and Roman knowledge flourished

Answer 25

Pax Romana

Question 26

An extension of Zenos notion of active and passive matter, represented an important Roman religion and philosophy Humans were passive matter, acted upon by the fates (universal natural determinism) which in turn were a function of natural laws and whims of the Gods A rational person learns to have the best possible life by cooperating with the causality of the universe. Thus the soul is neither active or responsible

Answer 26

Stoic philosophy

Question 27

There was no active (immortal) soul. Rather the mind functioned to react to stimuli (perceive) Since there was no afterlife, the goal of life was enjoyment of pleasures of the senses, rather than preparation for an afterlife While hedonistic, questioned moderation since pleasure is relative!

Answer 27

Epicurean philosophy named after Epicurus 300 BC was an extension of Greek philosophy

Question 28

The body is the agent and prison of the soul mind The soul is responsible for the highest intellectual and reason using sensory information to create ideas (Plato) which transcends reality Life is a process where the soul strives to dominate the body rejecting the material world and finding truth in nature and God

Answer 28

Neoplatonism developed by Plotinus as a revision of Plato

Question 29

As Christianity evolved, it incorporated the stoic and Neoplatonic philosophies which were consistent with church dogma, and rejected the hedonism or epicurean philosophy Rejection of hedonism has a profound impact on the church view of women and sexuality Dualism (Aristotle) with the mind souls as the essence of God incorporated into the physical body, giving existence

Answer 29

Christianity

Question 30

Disintegration of the western empire and civil rule opened the door for papal supremacy replacing government rule that had controlled intellectual development Church dogma replaced scientific dogma This is extremely important because church dogma had a strangle hold on science- data had to be consistent with church dogma

Answer 30

Christianity

Question 31

Blamed the barbarian conquests on the pagan religions Completed the christianizatikn of Neoplatonic and stoic philosophy by Affirming the platonic relationship between mind and body (Interrelated essence and existence) Relegated sensory information to a primitive level and emphasized the metaphysical (transcendental) nature of knowledge and consciousness (faith and Devine inspiration)

Answer 31

St Augustine

Question 32

Mohammed's followers conquered a bunch of crap and encountered Greek science and philosophy Algebra and arithmatex Teaching hospitals in Damascus Anesthesia surfer and pharmacology Libraries Archeticural and cultural achievements

Answer 32

Islamic contributions

Question 33

Church power and rule provided the only unity Increased reliance on dogma and ritual for authority University of Bologna 1088 studied civil and church law In Italy University of paris philosophy and theology 6000 students 1175

Answer 33

After an 800 year decline in intellectual life where ignorance and illiteracy prevailed and regression into feudal states

Question 34

Education and a reduction in illiteracy Re emergence of local cultures and Romance languages Crusades failed weakening papal authority Crusaders brought back Islamic knowledge and old Greek works which fueled scholastism

Answer 34

Factors that begin to erode the church's power and dogma