#2

Question 1

Every cell has a what

Answer 1

Identical copy of the DNA

Except erythrocytes

Question 2

23 pairs of chromosomes=

Answer 2

46 total

Question 3

How many pairs of autosomal chromosomes are there

Answer 3

22 pairs

Question 4

How many pairs of sex chromosomes?

Answer 4

1 pair

Question 5

XX

Answer 5

Female

Question 6

XY

Answer 6

Male

Question 7

What is locus

Answer 7

Lolci

Site on gene on a DNA strand

Question 8

About how many genes in humans

Answer 8

35,000-45,000

Question 9

DNA sampling

Answer 9

Slough off cells with DNA continuously

-blowing nose, brushing teeth, combing hair

Question 10

During DNA sampling

Answer 10

CSI must wear masks & suits so as to not contaminate crime scene

Question 11

DNA contamination can also occurs with mortuary tools so

Answer 11

Do DNA sampling before body is moved

Question 12

Keep all samples

Answer 12

Separate

Question 13

FTA Cards

Answer 13

Used to obtain a sample of DNA from liquid or tissue sources

Question 14

FTA cards

Answer 14

Contain chemicals that lyse cells & immobilize & stabilize DNA & rna

Other chemicals preserve DNA & rna
Can be stored at room temp

Question 15

FTA cards continued

Answer 15

Press against liquids, squash blood clots onto surface, drop liquids on cards

Question 16

DNA profiling is

Answer 16

Sequencing an individuals dna

Question 17

How to use DNA profiling

Answer 17

1) Use markers - specific genes w/ known loci used in test
2) DNA fingerprinting not the most accurate term
- all fingerprints are unique even for twins
- DNA is not 100% unique:identical twins have the same
3) DNA experts talk about probability of match, not definite match (1:10,000,000,000)

Question 18

Exclusion def

Answer 18

DNA of a suspect not matching the evidence

Helps rule out suspect, release innocent persons

Question 19

Inconclusive

Answer 19

DNA profile doesn’t work

• contamination
• DNA degradation
• further analysis is needed to determine guilt or innocence

Question 20

Inclusion def

Answer 20

A positive DNA match
State the random match probability -pm
Markers not linked - inherited independently

Question 21

Profile limitations

Answer 21

DNA can degrade 
    Full profile can't be obtained 
Close relatives share many Markers
    From the same sub-population 
    Groups that intermarry share many markers too

Question 22

Prosecuters fallacy

Answer 22

Assuming guilt based salely on statistical evidence.

DNA found at a crime scene therefore there is a 1:10,000,000,000 that this person could be innocent

Question 23

Defense attorney fallacy

Answer 23

Assuming innocent based solely on statistical evidence

If pm is 1 in 1 million, & MN pop. Is 5 million the 4 other people could be the perpetrator

Question 24

Profiling Applications steps

Answer 24

1) identify victims & assdilants of homicide & rape
2) minor crimes: Bulgary, car theft, hate mail, etc.
3) paternity tests
4) family relationships for visas/asylum
5) insurance comp. use for car accidents
- prove who was where during the accident

Question 25

Polymerase Chain Reactions (PTC)

Answer 25

- Developed by Kary Mullis in 1983 - isolates & amplifies(copies) specific sequences of DNA - does not affect surrounding reactions - need flanking sequences of DNA - build a DNA Primer to onneal(attach) to DNA sample - Primer provides the 3-OH for DNA polymerase to bind to

Question 26

DNA Primer

Answer 26

2 primers used | 1 for each template strand

Question 27

DNA polymerase

Answer 27

Use Taq DNA polymerase

Question 28

Thermus acquaticus def

Answer 28

Bacterium found in hot springs at yellow stone national park

Question 29

Taq DNA polymerase is

Answer 29

Able to withstand high temps w/ out dying | -allows PCR to happen w/out interruption

Question 30

D1S80- Locus

Answer 30

Position on chromosome where a gene or a non-coding region can be found

Question 31

MonomOrphic

Answer 31

All humans have essentially identical DNA sequence at that locus

Question 32

Polymorphic

Answer 32

DNA sequence at locus varies among individuals

Question 33

Variations at a locus are called

Answer 33

Alleles

Question 34

D1S80 is found on

Answer 34

Chromosome 1

Question 35

Chromosome 1 is a

Answer 35

Non coding region No proteins are made High degree of polymorphism

Question 36

On chromosome 1 for D1S80

Answer 36

1) 29 different alleles at this locus 2) known as a variable number of Tandem respects(VNTRS) 3) repeating set of base pairs In this case 16 nucleotides 4) the number repeats varies between individuals. This is what we are determining in the lab. 435 combinations From 14-41 repeats.

Question 37

Steps to D1S80

Answer 37

1) isolate DNA Use sterile swap to collect cheek DNA Mix w/ quick extract DNA solution to isolate & separate the DNA 2) PCR Need: -DNA polymerase( Taq polymerase) - 4 nucleotides(dATP, dGTP, dCTP,dTTP) - DNA template(your check DNA) - suitable conditions - DNA Primer 3) analysis of D1S80 using gel electrophoresis - transfer DNA from PCR tube to gel - run gel - analyze results