2 - Additional Notes from Videos & Book Flashcards

Question

limina

Answer 1

thresholds | subliminal = below threshold

Answer 2

just-noticeable difference Weber's 3 Hz / 440 Hz = x / 1000 Hz; x = 6.8 Hz ``` 100 and 125 detectable, which is right? (100%, 125%) 5, 6 x 25, 35 :) 125, 150 x (same) 225, 275 x ```

Answer 3

``` find JND conscious perception (color gradient) & difference threshold (auditory) ```

Answer 4

how our sensation/perception thresholds change based on internal and external contexts internal - personality/shy external- loud room, hear your name ASSOCIATE W/ HIT/MISS EXPT signal present = noise trial (response: Y = hit, N = miss) signal absent = catch trial (Y = false alarm; N = correct neg) Related: type 1/2 errors ``` Reject Ho (if was true, type 1 error; if false, yay) FTR Ho (if Ho was true, yay, if false, type 2 error) ``` problem - response bias

Answer 5

- blind spot | - ganglion nerves converge to optic nerve

Answer 6

in macula cones Cones = S/short wavelength = blue; M = green; L/long = red less cones than rods b/c one cone per bipolar cell vs many rods

Answer 7

- gel-like and less clear than the watery aqueous humor | - eye shape/roundness

Answer 8

posterior chamber (in front of lens, behind iris); specifically ciliary body, which iris is continuous w/ anterior chamber is in front of iris and lens Canal of Schlemm drains it -if issue w/ it- pressure = glaucoma, which is hereditary

Answer 9

choroidal & retinal

Answer 10

- dilator pupillae, constrictor pupillae - if iris constricts, pupil dilates continuous w/ ciliary body, which includes ciliary muscle far object = stretch lens = stretched zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments) = relaxed ciliary muscle

Answer 11

Lens shape; ACCOMMODATION!!!! near/far suspensory ligaments

Answer 12

DUPLEXITY theory of vision | rods/cones

Answer 13

-b/w bipolar and ganglion cells, associated w/ bipolar | AMACRINE and HORIZONTAL cells

Answer 14

optic nerve -> optic chiasm (decussation of nasal fibers; not temporal/lateral) -> optic tracts to LGN then occipital

Answer 15

you can still see in both eyes but your left eye would only see your right visual field and right eye would only see left visual field

Answer 16

- midbrain - sensorimotor reflexes - deer in headlight--- head doesn't move, eyes follow sound -inferior + superior involved in auditory startle auditory- flinch neck, eye in same place while moving head

Answer 17

-simultaneous processing of color, form/shape, depth, motion =feature detection -feature detectors in visual cortex we associate patterns of stimuli w/ expected behaviors, w/ help of feature detection shape = parvo cells; motion = magno cells (parvocellular, magnocellular) in LGN Parvo- high spatial resolution, low temporal opposite for magno =blurry images

Answer 18

mostly monocular cues -binocular neurons compare inputs in each hemisphere, detect differences Monocular cues - relative size: closer objects are larger - interposition: in overlapping objects, front one is closer - linear perspective = convergence of parallel lines - motion parallax Binocular - retinal disparity- eyes 2.5 inches apart; dif images in retinas = depth perception- used in VR- give each eye a slightly dif image - convergence- brain detects the angle between two eyes (look at nose = much convergence) - constancy - perceiving object as same even if env changes

Answer 19

bony has perilymph | Membranous has endolymph

Answer 20

-base of semicircular canals, w/ hair cells | Semicircular canals = rotational acc linear = vestibule

Answer 21

-vestibule = linear acc (rot = semi. canals) -part of bony labyrinth Contains utricle and saccule, which has modified hair cells w/ otoliths

Answer 22

In brainstem, localizes sound "where's the sound coming from"? Auditory pathway: vestibulocochlear nerve - brainstem - MGN of thalamus - auditory cortex/temporal + superior olive + inferior colliculus I.C. for startle reflex and fix eyes on point while moving head (vestibulo-ocular reflex)

Answer 23

Perceived pitch directly results from the location of hair cells that vibrate when exposed to frequency -higher frequencies vibrate hair cells closer to oval window type of sound is irrelevant; same freq sounds should sound the same way Place theory: "our PERCEPTION of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane" Cochlea is TONOTOPICALLY organized - which hair cell vibrates gives brain indication of sound pitch

Answer 24

Hair cells | Cochlea; place theory

Answer 25

``` Frequency = pitch Loudness = intensity ```

Answer 26

``` Pacinian- deep pressure/vibration Meissner- light touch Merkle discs- deep pressure/texture Ruffinian- Stretch Free nerve endings- pain, temp ```

Answer 27

``` gate on nociceptors brain can turn pain on/off pain = smaller nerve fibers explains why rubbing an injury seems to reduce pain of injury (touching sensation overpowers pain) forehead kiss on toddler ``` may or may not be right but first theory

Answer 28

``` Bottom-up = data driven = science/inductive Top-down = conceptually driven = influenced by experiences & memories = more prone to error = deductive ``` PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION combines both processing to make complete picture

Answer 29

whole > sum of parts Proximity - make shapes OOO OO O Similarity ----triangle among background of dots .........[].......... .....[].....[]...... ...[]....[]....[]... OR alternating rows of gray and white balls Good continuation 2 overlapping squiggles looks like just that rather than 2 jagged lines OR a + sign is 2 overlapping lines rather than 2 L's Subjective contours = incomplete shapes make "psuedooutline" of shape in middle Closure - a square is not seen as 4 L's slightly apart Law of Pragnanz = explains gestalt See things simply/symettrically

2 - Additional Notes from Videos & Book Flashcards

(53 cards)