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Anatomy Section 4 > 2. Anatomy of the Skull > Flashcards

2. Anatomy of the Skull Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Skeleton of the head includes:

A

-skull
-mandible
-hyoid apparatus
-ossicles of middle ear
-cartilages of external ear, nose and larynx

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2
Q

Skull bones:

A

-mostly paired
-provide essential landmarks
*different bones are outlined by ‘sutures’

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3
Q

Sutures:

A

-signify merging ossification centers

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4
Q

Young animals skull:

A

-bones can be separated and examined individually

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5
Q

Skull bones consist of:

A

-walls of cranium
-bones of the face
*proportions differ among species

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6
Q

Orbits:

A

-part of the face
-lie at the boundary of the face and cranium

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7
Q

Cranium: brain case

A

-dorsolateral wall
-lateroventral wall
-caudal wall
-cranial wall

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8
Q

Dorsolateral wall: cranium

A

-frontal bones
-parietal bones

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9
Q

Lateroventral wall: cranium

A

-palatine bones
-sphenoid bones

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10
Q

Caudal wall: cranium

A

-occipital bone

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11
Q

Cranial wall: cranium

A

-cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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12
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

-separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity
-unpaired

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13
Q

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone:

A

-spongy-shaped
-perforations (holes) that pass olfactory nerves

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14
Q

Nasal bots in sheep brain:

A

-larvae of botfly
>migrate through the cribriform plate when still developing
>much smaller when they squeeze through, then when you are dissecting
-occasionally in goats and deer

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15
Q

Nasal cavity:

A

-dorsal wall
-lateroventral wall
-laterocaudal part
*-filled by conchae (turbinate bones)

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16
Q

Dorsal wall: nasal cavity

A

-nasal bones (paired)

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17
Q

Lateroventral wall: nasal cavity

A

-incisive bones (cranial)
-maxilla bones (caudal)

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18
Q

Laterocaudal part: nasal cavity

A

-lacrimal bones
>’tear shaped’ with small hole in middle
>lacrimal duct goes through it all the way to the nostrils

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19
Q

Nasal septum:

A

-divides the left and right nasal cavities
-cartilaginous rostrally: parts may become ossified with age

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20
Q

Ventral nasal septum:

A

-has a trough-shaped vomer bone

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21
Q

Caudal nasal septum:

A

-perpendicular lamina of ethmoid bone

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22
Q

Conchae (turbinate bones):

A

-delicate bony scrolls
-warm, moisten , and clean the air
-dorsal, ventral and ethmoid concha/turbinate
*increase SA

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23
Q

Dorsal conchae:

A

-from nasal bone
-‘shelf’ all the way to the back

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24
Q

Ventral conchae:

A

-from maxilla
-more complex
-scrolls up and down
-fills the space more

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25
Air through the nasal cavity:
-a portion stays longer to help with the sense of smell
26
Zygomatic arch originates from:
-zygomatic bones -squamous temporal bones
27
Temporal bone parts:
-squamous (flat) -petrous (dense bone housing internal ear) -tympanic (housing middle ear)
28
Temporal process of zygomatic bone:
-points toward the temporal bone
29
Zygomatic process of temporal bone:
-points toward the zygomatic bone
30
Mandible:
-two halves meet at the symphysis -body (horizontal) -ramus (vertical)
31
Mandibular symphysis:
-never completely fuses in a dog >helps them with cracking a bone
32
Ramus:
-coronoid process -condylar process
33
Coronoid process:
-dorsal extremity of the ramus -attachment for temporal muscle
34
Condylar process:
-discoidal margin -articulates with the skull
35
Lateral ramus:
-has a roughened depression where masseter inserts
36
Medial ramus:
-gives insertion to pterygoid muscle -mandibular foramen
37
Caudo-ventral margin of ramus:
-angular process to extend muscle insertion
38
Rostro-lateral surface of ramus:
-several mental foramina >middle one is bigger
39
Hyoid apparatus:
-series of bony rods joined together -forms a mean of suspending the tongue and larynx from the skull
40
Parts of hypoid apparatus:
-basihyoid -ceratohyoid -epihyoid -stylohyoid -thyrohyoid
41
Basihyoid:
-across the back -lingual process in horse and cow
42
Lingual process:
-rostral prominence of the basihyoid -dives in the root of the tongue -gives attachment to several muscles
43
Ceratohyoid:
-‘horn like’
44
Epihyoid:
-over
45
Stylohyoid:
-pointy
46
Thyrohyoid:
-goes to thyroid cartilage
47
Dorsal surface of dog skull:
-cranium -external occipital protuberance -nuchal crests -sagittal crest -zygomatic process of frontal bone -nasal bones
48
Cranium:
-ovoid -occupy middle third of head width
49
External occipital protuberance:
-caudal extremity of the cranium
50
Nuchal crests:
-lateral cranium
51
Sagittal crest:
-center more rostral part
52
Zygomatic process of frontal bone:
-points toward zygomatic arch
53
Nasal bones:
-end at wide nasal aperture -continued by nasal cartilages
54
Lateral surface of dog skull:
-orbital rim -temporal fossa -retroarticular process -typmanic bulla -external acoustic meatus -paracondylar process -pterygopalatine fossa -foramina -infraorbital foramen
55
Orbital rim:
-not fully bony -completed by orbital ligament
56
Temporal fossa:
-behind the orbit -walls of cranium
57
Retroarticular process:
-ventrocaudal to zygomatic arch
58
Tympanic bulla:
-large, smooth dome
59
External acoustic meatus:
-leads to middle ear
60
Paracondylar process:
-conspicuous at the caudal limit of the skull
61
Pterygopalatine fossa;
-ventral to orbit
62
Foramina of lateral surface of dog skull:
-optic canal -orbital fissure (middle, bigger) -rostral alar foramen
63
Infraorbital foramen:
-important for dentistry
64
Ventral surface of dog skull:
-base of cranium -tympanic bulla and paracondylar process -jugular foramen -foramen lacerum -hypoglossal canal -oval foramen -choanal region -hard palate
65
Base of cranium:
-occipital condyles flank the foramen magnum
66
Tympanic bulla and paracondylar process:
-occupy each side of the ventral surface
67
Jugular foramen:
-between bulla and occipital bone >more caudal
68
foramen lacerum:
-between bulla and occipital bone >more rostral
69
Hypoglossal canal:
-between jugular foramen and condyle
70
Oval foramen:
-rostral to foramen lacerum
71
Choanal region:
-where nasal cavities open into pharynx and openings (choanae)
72
Hard palate:
-lies rostral to choanea -margined by tooth sockets and rostrally palatine fissures
73
Cat skull:
-with the mandible, appears globular -rounded brain-case -relatively short face
74
Zygomatic arches: cat
-very convex
75
Orbits: cats
-large -face even more rostrally than in dogs >predators
76
Hard palate: cat
-short
77
Tympanic bulla: cat
-very large
78
Horse skull:
-long face -narrow cranium
79
Zygomatic arches: horse
-very strong -strong zygomatic process connecting it with the frontal bone *continues rostrally and forms the facial crest
80
Orbit: horse
-faces almost laterally -complete bony rim
81
Nasoincisive notch: horse
-deep -separates nasal and incisive bones *allows them to breath better (only breath from nose)
82
Mandible: horse
-massive -two halves fuse early in life -ramus is high (more space for masteur muscle)
83
Bovine skull:
-relatively short and wide -generally pyramidal
84
Cornual process: bovine
-‘horn’ -project from frontal bones
85
Frontal region: bovine
-consists mostly of frontal bone -very wide and flat -overhanging the temporal fossa
86
Orbital rim: bovine
-raises above its surrounding -completely bony -‘security camera’
87
Facial tuberosity: bovine
-no facial crest -where rostral part of masseter arise
88
Choanae: bovine
-separated by caudal prolongation of the nasal septum
89
‘teeth’: bovine
-no alveoli (teeth sockets) for upper incisors
90
Mandible: bovine
-weaker than horses
91
Mandibular symphysis: bovine
-ossifies late, if at all
92
Head conformations for dog:
-dolichocephalic: long-head -mesaticephalic: intermediate-head -brachycephalic: short-head
93
Head conformations for horse:
-straight profile: common -dished profile of Arabian -domed contour of foals
94
Domed contour of foals:
-cranium just follows the brain -later on with development of facial bones and sinus, it will flatten out
95
Head conformations for cats:
-long-headed: oriental -medium-headed: European -short-headed: persian

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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