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Anatomy Section 4 > 5a. Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses > Flashcards

5a. Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

Nose in broad sense comprises:

A

-external nose
-paired nasal cavities
-paranasal sinuses

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2
Q

External nose in domestic animals

A

-hardly recognizable
>merges with the muzzle

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3
Q

Nose involved in:

A

-olfaction
-warming
-humidifying
-cleaning of breathing air

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4
Q

Nostrils:

A

-many cartilages support their shape
-usually within specialized skin

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5
Q

Horse nostrils:

A

-within non-modified skin
*can open wide as they are obligate nose-breathers

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6
Q

Nasal plate in dog, sheep/goat:

A

-modified naked skin with a philtrum
-dogs: moist (no underlying glands
-sheep/goat: usually dry

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7
Q

Moist nasal plate in dog due to:

A

-overflow of nasal mucous glands
-lateral nasal gland
-licking

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8
Q

Nasolabial plate in ox:

A

-extensive modified naked skin
-no philtrum
-continues with dorsal lip
-usually moist due to underlying sweat glands
-pattern of grooves unique to each individual

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9
Q

Rostral plate in pig:

A

-modified naked skin has underlying sweat glands
-round nostril within a moveable strong plate
-supported by rostral bones

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10
Q

Pigs use rostral plate for:

A

-digging in ground
>able to find certain mushrooms

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11
Q

Nasal cartilages:

A

-nasal septum
-ventrolateral
-dorsolateral
-lateral accessory

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12
Q

Nasal septum:

A

-separates left and right nasal cavity/vestibules

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13
Q

Free edge of nasal septum:

A

-attached to cartilages that support margins of nostrils

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14
Q

Shape of cartilages determines:

A

-shape of nostril and its opening in different species/individuals

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15
Q

Ala:

A

-wing

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16
Q

Horse nasal cartilages:

A

-alar cartilage: common shaped
-when raised, nostrils open up

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17
Q

Nostril in horse divided into:

A

-true nostril
-false nostril

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18
Q

True nostril: horse

A

-ventral part
-leading to nasal cavity

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19
Q

False nostril: horse

A

-dorsal part
-leading to nasal diverticulum
-occupying the nasoincisive notch

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20
Q

Nasal diverticulum:

A

-skin-lined, blind-ended sac

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21
Q

Horse exercising:

A

-nostrils are fully open
*nasal diverticulum is minimal or gone

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22
Q

Paired nasal cavities/vestibules size:

A

-less roomy inside than it appears from outside
-partly filled with conchae

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23
Q

Conchae of nasal cavities:

A

-delicate, mucosa-covered, fragile laminate-turbinate bones
-project into nasal cavity from dorsal, lateral and caudal walls

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24
Q

Concha(e) names:

A

-dorsal concha
-ventral concha
-ethmoidal conchae

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25
Q

Dorsal concha:

A

-attached to nasal bone

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26
Q

Ventral concha:

A

-attached to maxillary bone

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27
Q

Ethmoidal conchae:

A

*ethmotubinates
-attached to ethmoid bone
-middle concha

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28
Q

Middle concha:

A

-not a different concha
-enlarged part of ethmoturbinates in large animals

29
Q

Conchae in carnivores

A

-more extensive and branched

30
Q

Olfactory mucosa in dogs:

A

-covers an area of ~150cm^2
-more chance to detect prey
*especially prevalent over ethmoturbinates

31
Q

Ethmoturbinates in dogs:

A

-ectoturbinates
-endoturbinates

32
Q

Ectoturbinates:

A

-ethmotrubinates that grow into sinuses

33
Q

Endoturbinates:

A

-ethmoturbinates that remain in nasal cavity

34
Q

Meatus:

A

-cleft

35
Q

Nasal meatus:

A

-small potential spaces between conchae and surrounding structures
>dorsal
>ventral
>middle
>common

36
Q

Dorsal meatus:

A

-between dorsal concha and ceiling
-leads to fundus of nasal cavity
-brings air in contact with olfactory mucosa

37
Q

Ventral meatus:

A

-between ventral concha and floor of nasal cavity

38
Q

Middle meatus:

A

-between dorsal and ventral conchae
>usually gives access to sinuses

39
Q

Common meatus:

A

-between nasal septum and other conchae

40
Q

What meatuses provide the main airway for breathing air?

A

-ventral
-common

41
Q

Nasal mucous membrane:

A

-thickened by vascular plexuses forming cavernous tissue
-extended by folds of conchae

42
Q

Nasal mucosa essential for:

A

-effective olfaction
-warming
-humidifying
-cleaning air

43
Q

Nasal mucosa epithelium:

A

-cilia that move the mucus toward pharynx to be swallowed

44
Q

Intubating:

A

-need to be careful not to damage the mucosa
-guide instruments (ex. nasal tubes) down the junction of ventral and common meatuses
>guide ventrally and medially

45
Q

Vomeronasal organ:

A

-present in all domestic animals
-arises from incisive duct and runs caudally
-involved in detection of pheromones
>results in flehmen reaction

46
Q

Horse vomeronasal organ:

A

-incisive ducts do NOT enter mouth
*only communicates with nasal cavity

47
Q

Paranasal sinuses:

A

-diverticula of nasal cavity
-excavate skull bones, largely after birth
-narrow (direct or indirect) connection with nasal cavity
*do not communicate with contralateral counterpart

48
Q

Paranasal sinuses named from:

A

-the bones they invaded
>especially those invaded first

49
Q

Paranasal sinuses function:

A

-not clear, may help in
>thermal and mechanical protection of skull
>increase skull size for muscular attachment without increasing its weight
>resonance of voice
>other functions

50
Q

Sinuses in dog:

A

-limited
-frontal sinus can have 3 parts
-maxillary recess

51
Q

Maxillary recess:

A

-no true maxillary sinus
-ill-defined recess in maxilla
-freely communicates with nasal cavity

52
Q

Lateral nasal gland in dog:

A

-large gland
-lies in lateral nasal wall, close to entrance of maxillary recess
-has serous secretion

53
Q

Serous secretion of lateral nasal gland of dog:

A

-drained at rostral end of dorsal concha
-may have social significance in nose-to-nose sniffing when dogs meet

54
Q

Lateral nasal gland in cats:

A

-not visible macroscopically
-secretion is mucous instead of serous

55
Q

Sinuses in ox:

A

-frontal
-maxillary
-sphenoid

56
Q

Frontal sinuses in mature ox:

A

-extend caudally as far as occipital, temporal and more
-dorsal conchal sinus

57
Q

Dorsal conchal sinus in ox:

A

-extension of frontal sinuses that extend into cornual process and caudal part of dorsal concha

58
Q

Maxillary sinuses in ox:

A

-involves maxilla first then may extended into palatine, lacrimal and sphenoids, ventral concha

59
Q

Sphenoid sinuses in ox:

A

-often well developed
-may be extensions of maxillary sinus or arise independently

60
Q

Sinuses in pig:

A

-extensive, especially in mature boars
>hard to euthanize them
-frontal sinuses into dorsal conchal sinus
-maxillary sinuses
-sphenopalatine sinuses

61
Q

Sinuses in horse:

A

-frontal sinus
-maxillary sinuses
-sphenopalatine sinuses

62
Q

Frontal sinus in horse:

A

*conchofrontal sinus
-no direct opening to nasal cavity
-communicates via maxillary sinus

63
Q

Conchofrontal sinus in horse:

A

-wide extension to dorsal conchal

64
Q

Maxillary sinuses in horse:

A

-rostral and caudal maxillary
-extends to caudal part of ventral conchal sinus
-nasomaxillary aperture communicates with nasal cavity
*trephination

65
Q

Safe trephination: maxillary sinuses in horse

A

-drilling into bone
-can give access to sinuses and tooth roots

66
Q

Developmental differences in sinuses:

A

-get larger as the animal gets older
>’move forward’

67
Q

Breed differences in sinuses:

A

-differences depending on skull structure

68
Q

Anatomical landmarks for livestock euthanasia:

A

-not between the eyes always!
-just above the eyes
-go from top for sheep, goat, and alpaca

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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