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Anatomy Section 4 > 5a. Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses > Flashcards

5a. Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Nose in broad sense comprises:

A

-external nose
-paired nasal cavities
-paranasal sinuses

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2
Q

External nose in domestic animals

A

-hardly recognizable
>merges with the muzzle

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3
Q

Nose involved in:

A

-olfaction
-warming
-humidifying
-cleaning of breathing air

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4
Q

Nostrils:

A

-many cartilages support their shape
-usually within specialized skin

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5
Q

Horse nostrils:

A

-within non-modified skin
*can open wide as they are obligate nose-breathers

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6
Q

Nasal plate in dog, sheep/goat:

A

-modified naked skin with a philtrum
-dogs: moist (no underlying glands
-sheep/goat: usually dry

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7
Q

Moist nasal plate in dog due to:

A

-overflow of nasal mucous glands
-lateral nasal gland
-licking

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8
Q

Nasolabial plate in ox:

A

-extensive modified naked skin
-no philtrum
-continues with dorsal lip
-usually moist due to underlying sweat glands
-pattern of grooves unique to each individual

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9
Q

Rostral plate in pig:

A

-modified naked skin has underlying sweat glands
-round nostril within a moveable strong plate
-supported by rostral bones

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10
Q

Pigs use rostral plate for:

A

-digging in ground
>able to find certain mushrooms

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11
Q

Nasal cartilages:

A

-nasal septum
-ventrolateral
-dorsolateral
-lateral accessory

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12
Q

Nasal septum:

A

-separates left and right nasal cavity/vestibules

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13
Q

Free edge of nasal septum:

A

-attached to cartilages that support margins of nostrils

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14
Q

Shape of cartilages determines:

A

-shape of nostril and its opening in different species/individuals

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15
Q

Ala:

A

-wing

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16
Q

Horse nasal cartilages:

A

-alar cartilage: common shaped
-when raised, nostrils open up

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17
Q

Nostril in horse divided into:

A

-true nostril
-false nostril

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18
Q

True nostril: horse

A

-ventral part
-leading to nasal cavity

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19
Q

False nostril: horse

A

-dorsal part
-leading to nasal diverticulum
-occupying the nasoincisive notch

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20
Q

Nasal diverticulum:

A

-skin-lined, blind-ended sac

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21
Q

Horse exercising:

A

-nostrils are fully open
*nasal diverticulum is minimal or gone

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22
Q

Paired nasal cavities/vestibules size:

A

-less roomy inside than it appears from outside
-partly filled with conchae

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23
Q

Conchae of nasal cavities:

A

-delicate, mucosa-covered, fragile laminate-turbinate bones
-project into nasal cavity from dorsal, lateral and caudal walls

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24
Q

Concha(e) names:

A

-dorsal concha
-ventral concha
-ethmoidal conchae

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25
Dorsal concha:
-attached to nasal bone
26
Ventral concha:
-attached to maxillary bone
27
Ethmoidal conchae:
*ethmotubinates -attached to ethmoid bone -middle concha
28
Middle concha:
-not a different concha -enlarged part of ethmoturbinates in large animals
29
Conchae in carnivores
-more extensive and branched
30
Olfactory mucosa in dogs:
-covers an area of ~150cm^2 -more chance to detect prey *especially prevalent over ethmoturbinates
31
Ethmoturbinates in dogs:
-ectoturbinates -endoturbinates
32
Ectoturbinates:
-ethmotrubinates that grow into sinuses
33
Endoturbinates:
-ethmoturbinates that remain in nasal cavity
34
Meatus:
-cleft
35
Nasal meatus:
-small potential spaces between conchae and surrounding structures >dorsal >ventral >middle >common
36
Dorsal meatus:
-between dorsal concha and ceiling -leads to fundus of nasal cavity -brings air in contact with olfactory mucosa
37
Ventral meatus:
-between ventral concha and floor of nasal cavity
38
Middle meatus:
-between dorsal and ventral conchae >usually gives access to sinuses
39
Common meatus:
-between nasal septum and other conchae
40
What meatuses provide the main airway for breathing air?
-ventral -common
41
Nasal mucous membrane:
-thickened by vascular plexuses forming cavernous tissue -extended by folds of conchae
42
Nasal mucosa essential for:
-effective olfaction -warming -humidifying -cleaning air
43
Nasal mucosa epithelium:
-cilia that move the mucus toward pharynx to be swallowed
44
Intubating:
-need to be careful not to damage the mucosa -guide instruments (ex. nasal tubes) down the junction of ventral and common meatuses >guide ventrally and medially
45
Vomeronasal organ:
-present in all domestic animals -arises from incisive duct and runs caudally -involved in detection of pheromones >results in flehmen reaction
46
Horse vomeronasal organ:
-incisive ducts do NOT enter mouth *only communicates with nasal cavity
47
Paranasal sinuses:
-diverticula of nasal cavity -excavate skull bones, largely after birth -narrow (direct or indirect) connection with nasal cavity *do not communicate with contralateral counterpart
48
Paranasal sinuses named from:
-the bones they invaded >especially those invaded first
49
Paranasal sinuses function:
-not clear, may help in >thermal and mechanical protection of skull >increase skull size for muscular attachment without increasing its weight >resonance of voice >other functions
50
Sinuses in dog:
-limited -frontal sinus can have 3 parts -maxillary recess
51
Maxillary recess:
-no true maxillary sinus -ill-defined recess in maxilla -freely communicates with nasal cavity
52
Lateral nasal gland in dog:
-large gland -lies in lateral nasal wall, close to entrance of maxillary recess -has serous secretion
53
Serous secretion of lateral nasal gland of dog:
-drained at rostral end of dorsal concha -may have social significance in nose-to-nose sniffing when dogs meet
54
Lateral nasal gland in cats:
-not visible macroscopically -secretion is mucous instead of serous
55
Sinuses in ox:
-frontal -maxillary -sphenoid
56
Frontal sinuses in mature ox:
-extend caudally as far as occipital, temporal and more -dorsal conchal sinus
57
Dorsal conchal sinus in ox:
-extension of frontal sinuses that extend into cornual process and caudal part of dorsal concha
58
Maxillary sinuses in ox:
-involves maxilla first then may extended into palatine, lacrimal and sphenoids, ventral concha
59
Sphenoid sinuses in ox:
-often well developed -may be extensions of maxillary sinus or arise independently
60
Sinuses in pig:
-extensive, especially in mature boars >hard to euthanize them -frontal sinuses into dorsal conchal sinus -maxillary sinuses -sphenopalatine sinuses
61
Sinuses in horse:
-frontal sinus -maxillary sinuses -sphenopalatine sinuses
62
Frontal sinus in horse:
*conchofrontal sinus -no direct opening to nasal cavity -communicates via maxillary sinus
63
Conchofrontal sinus in horse:
-wide extension to dorsal conchal
64
Maxillary sinuses in horse:
-rostral and caudal maxillary -extends to caudal part of ventral conchal sinus -nasomaxillary aperture communicates with nasal cavity *trephination
65
Safe trephination: maxillary sinuses in horse
-drilling into bone -can give access to sinuses and tooth roots
66
Developmental differences in sinuses:
-get larger as the animal gets older >’move forward’
67
Breed differences in sinuses:
-differences depending on skull structure
68
Anatomical landmarks for livestock euthanasia:
-not between the eyes always! -just above the eyes -go from top for sheep, goat, and alpaca

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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