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PMCOL 343 > 2-autonomic > Flashcards

2-autonomic Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

how is tyrosine transported into the adrenergic terminals

A

by a Na+ dependent carrier

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2
Q

what is tyrosine converted into what and how

A

into DOPA via tyrosine hydroxylase

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3
Q

what is the rate limiting step of making dopamine

A

tyrosine hydroxylase converting Tyr to DOPA

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4
Q

what is DOPA converted to and how

A

into dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase

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5
Q

how is dopamine transported into vesicles

A

vesicular monoamine transporter

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6
Q

what does dopamine get converted into and how

A

dopamine converted to noradrenaline by dopamine -β- hydroxylase

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7
Q

what is fusion of vesicles and NA release dependent on

A

Ca2+

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8
Q

what is NA converted into? using which enzyme?

A

adrenaline using phenylethanolamine N-methyltansferase

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9
Q

what some cotransmitters released with NE?

A

ATP, peptidergic co-transmitter, dopamine beta hydroxylase

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10
Q

what substances (other than Ca2+) are capable of releasing NE from vesicles in the synaptic terminal?

A

AMPHETAMINE
tyramine

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11
Q

what happens to NA after release and binding to receptor

A
  1. reuptake
  2. diffuses out of synapses into the lymphatics
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12
Q

what are the ways that NA can be uptaken

A

uptake 1- into terminals (where it was originally released)

uptake 2-into postsynaptic cells

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13
Q

what blocks uptake 1 of adrenergic receptors

A

cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants

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14
Q

what does cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants do

A

blocks uptake 1 of adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

what does monoamine oxidase do

A

metabolize noradrenaline in mitochondria of nerve terminals

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16
Q

what does catechol-o-methyl transferase do

A

metabolize the catecholamines that were taken up into liver by uptake 2

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17
Q

what does catechol-o-methyl transferase do

A

metabolize the catecholamines that were taken up into liver by uptake 2

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18
Q

what happens to the catecholamines that are taken up uptake 2? where does this happen?

A

catechol-o-methyl transferase in the liver

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19
Q

how are catecholamines taken up into the liver

A

uptake 2

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20
Q

what are adrenoceptors like (2 things)

A

heptahelical and G protein/metabotropic

NO ION CHANNELS

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21
Q

what kind of ion channel is coupled to adrenoceptors

A

NONE

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22
Q

what activates α-adrenergic re eptors

A

NA from sympathetic postganglionic nerve

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23
Q

where are α1 found

what do they do

A

postsynaptic adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle

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24
Q

where are α2 found

A

autoreceptors/presynaptic adrenoceptor on nerve terminals

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25
what is the role of α2
negative feedback control (autoreceptor)
26
what is the role of α1
contraction and increase BP (they are on smooth muscle)
27
how are β-adrenoceptors activated
NA from sympathetic postganglionic nerves and adrenaline from adrenal gland
28
what does β1 activation do
opens Ca2+ (in heart)
29
what does β2 activation do
relaxes vascular smooth muscle and dilates bronchioles
30
where is β3
adipocytes
31
what do presynaptic β receptors do
increase NA release
32
what are the general cholinergic effects
relaxation of smooth muscle and secretion
33
What is the general difference between cholinergic and adrenergic effects?
the exert the opposite effect
34
what are the general adrenergic effects
contraction and inhibition of secretion
35
``` how would you pair -muscarinic -adrenoceptors -parasympathetic -sympathetic into pairs based on their similarities ```
muscarinic+parasympathetic adrenoceptor+sympathetic
36
how do the effects of α-adrenoceptors and β-adrenoceptors compare
often exert opposite effects in similar tissues
37
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the heart
increased force and rate of contraction | β1
38
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the blood vessels (skin and spleen)
constriction, α1
39
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the blood vessels (skeletal muscle)
relaxation (more blood and power to muscle) | β2
40
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the lungs
relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle, decreased secretion | β2
41
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the intestines
relaxation | β2 α2
42
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the bladder
relaxes wall/contracts sphincter | β2 α1
43
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the eye ciliary muscle
relaxes for far vision | β2
44
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the eye/iris
contracts radial muscle (mydriasis) | α
45
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the skin, pilomotor smooth muscle
contracts (goosebumps) | α
46
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the apocrine (stress)
increases | α
47
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the fat cells
lipolysis | β3
48
what is the adrenergic effect and receptor of the kidney
renin release | β1
49
what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the heart
decreased force and rate of contraction | M2
50
what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the blood vessels (skin and spleen)
endothelium-dependent relaxation
51
what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the lungs
contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, increased secretion
52
what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the intestines
contraction and increased secretion | M3
53
what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the salivary glands
increased secretion | M3
54
what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the bladder
contracts wall/relaxes sphincter | M3
55
what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the eye ciliary muscle
contracts for near vision | M3
56
what is the cholinergic effect and receptor of the eye/iris
contracts sphincter muscle (miosis)
57
what is autonomic tone
basal level of stimulation that visceral organs receive from both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
58
which tissues ONLY receive sympathetic innervation?
spleen, kidney, liver, fat cells, and most blood vessels
59
does parasympathetic or sympathetic have more autonomic tone
para
60
what are the main tissues under sympathetic tone | +the sympathetic role
arterioles and veins (vasoconstrict) spleen (capsule contraction, immune response) kidney (renin secretion)
61
what happens with ganglionic or adrenoceptor blockade to arterioles
vasodilation, increased peripheral blood flow, flushing, hypotension
62
what happens with ganglionic or adrenoceptor blockade to veins
vasodilation, pooling of blood, decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output
63
what is the main autonomic tone to heart and why is it beneficial
parasympathetic -to increase HR, just remove the parasympathetic breaks--> it is easier than trying to wait for sympathetic stimulation
64
what determines how target tissue will respond to systemic administration of muscarinic/cholinergic or adrenergic blocking agents?
whether the tissue is under predominantly sympathetic or parasympathetic tone
65
what is atropine | and some side effects
muscarinic antagonist | so like constipation, tachycardia, dry mouth, urinary retention
66
what does α-adrenoceptor antagonist do to blood flow/vessels and why
produces vasodilation and lowers blood pressure because vessels are usually under adrenergic tone (state of constriction)
67
what is the baroreceptor reflex
decreased aortic BP-decreased baroreceptor activity in carotid sinus, aortic arch lungs and heart send afferent info to nucleus of solitary tract and ventrolateral medulla causes efferent sympathetic outflow increased and decreased parasympathetic outflow from brain this increases HR and BP via vasoconstriction
68
what does high aortic pressure do (baroreceptor reflex pathway)
high pressure, increases baroreceptor discharge, activation of parasympathetic outflow and reduce sympathetic outflow (low HR and vasodilate)
69
how is baroreceptor involved in postural reflex
standing-25% blood goes to legs | reflex triggers increased HR and constriction of vessels in veins

PMCOL 343 (31 decks)

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