2. Bacterial staining

Question 1

To study their properties and to divide microorganisms into specific groups for
diagnostic purposes, biological stains and staining procedures in conjunction with
light microscopy have become major tools in microbiology.

Answer 1

Bacterial staining

Question 2

What are the 2 different types of bacterial stain?

Answer 2

Acidic and Basic stain

Question 3

What is acidic stain?

Answer 3

• anionic
• Chromogen portion exhibits NEGATIVE charge
• strong affinity to positive constituents of the cell

Question 4

What is the positive constituent that is being determine by acidic stain?

Answer 4

Proteins

Question 5

What is basic stains?

Answer 5

• Cationic
• Chromogen portion that exhibits positive charge
• Strong affinity to negative constituent

Question 6

What is the Negative constituent that is being determine by Basic stain?

Answer 6

Nucleic acid

Question 7

What are the examples of Acidic stains

Answer 7

Picric acid
Eosin
Acid fuchsin
Rose bengal
Congo red

Question 8

What are the examples of Basic stains

Answer 8

Methylene blue
Giemsa’s stain
Leishman’ stain
Wright’s stain

Question 9

What is fixation

Answer 9

Aims to preserve the shape of the cell

Question 10

When is heat fix incorporate in the slide?

Answer 10

After air drying

Question 11

A type of stain that is immerse in the sample in a dye solution followed by rinsing and observation

Imparts SAME color from the reagent

Uses only one reagent

Answer 11

Simple stain

Question 12

Example of simple stain?

Answer 12

Methylene blue
basic fuchsin

Question 13

Uses 2 or more stains to categorized various groups of bacteria

Answer 13

Differential stain

Question 14

Example of differential stain

Answer 14

Gram stain

Question 15

A principal stain that s used for microscopic examination of bacteria

Provides rapid presumption identification of pathogens

Answer 15

Gram stain

Question 16

Example of bacteria that does not use gram stains

Answer 16

Treponema spp
Mycobacterium spp
Chlamydia spp

Question 17

What are the 4 reagents in gram staining

Answer 17

P - Crystal violet
M - Gram’s iodine
D - 95% ethyl alcohol/acetone
S - Safranin

Question 18

What are the time frame in gram staining?

Answer 18

P - 1min
M - 1min
D - 10 sec (Until alcohol runs almost clear that shows blue tinge)
S - 45 sec

Question 19

Bacteria that will stain and take the primary stain are gram-positive and appear
purple under the compound microscope

Answer 19

Gram positive

Question 20

Bacteria that will stain and take the counterstain stain are gram-negative and
appear pink under the compound microscope

Answer 20

Gram negative

Question 21

What is the characteristic of the cell in Gram positive?

Answer 21

Thick

Question 22

What is the characteristic of the cell in Gram Negative?

Answer 22

Thin

Question 23

What are the 2 chemical subunits in peptidoglycan?

Answer 23

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid

Question 24

What is the most critical step in gram stain?

Answer 24

Decolorizer

Question 25

What is being applied in between steps in gram stain

Answer 25

water

Question 26

It can be used to fix bloody specimens instead of heat fixing

Answer 26

Methanol

Question 27

What objective lens is used to observe bacterial gram stain

Answer 27

Oil immersion objectives

Question 28

What are 3 methods in acid fast stains?

Answer 28

Ziehl-Neelsen Kinyoun method Auramine Rhodamine

Question 29

What is the major component of acid fast bacteria?

Answer 29

mycolic acid

Question 30

A method that use a applicator stick for sputum sample

Answer 30

Coiling method

Question 31

What are the reagents for acid fast bacilli

Answer 31

P - Carbol fuchsin D - Acid alcohol (HCL) S - methylene blue

Question 32

What is the reagent in heatless method of acid fast stain?

Answer 32

Tergitol for 5 - 10 mins

Question 33

How many minutes for carbol fuchsin in heat?

Answer 33

5 mins

Question 34

How many minutes for counterstain in acid fast fast stain

Answer 34

2 mins

Question 35

What are the symptoms of AFB in the last 2 weeks

Answer 35

Cough Unexplained fever Unexplained weight loss Night sweats

Question 36

IUATLD/WHO scale of AFB

Answer 36

0 +n 1+ 2+ 3+

Question 37

what is seen in +n

Answer 37

BFM: n AFB 200x - 1-4 AFB in one length 400x - 1-2 AFB/ length

Question 38

What is seen in 1+?

Answer 38

BFM: 10-99 AFB/length 200x: 3-24 AFB/length 400x: 1-6 AFB/length

Question 39

What is seen in 2+?

Answer 39

BFM: 1-10 AFB/50 fields 200x: 25-250/fields AFB/length 400x: 7-60 AFB/field

Question 40

What is seen in 3+?

Answer 40

BFM: >10 AFB/20 OIF 200x: >250/fields AFB/length 400x: >60 AFB/field

Question 41

A type of microscope that has increase sensitivity and can be five times faster in detecting AFB

Answer 41

Fluorescence microscope

Question 42

How many specimen should be submitted in AFB?

Answer 42

2

Question 43

What is the positive for AFB?

Answer 43

atleast 1 sputum smear

Question 44

What is the Negative for AFB?

Answer 44

2 sputum smear

Question 45

What is the specimen for children?

Answer 45

Nasopharyngeal aspirate gastric lavage aspirate

Question 46

What are the examples of capsular stain?

Answer 46

Hiss Tyeler Muir Welch Novelli (Hello TYLER, MUkang WELkins NO?)

Question 47

What bacteria has metachromatic granules?

Answer 47

C. diphtheriae

Question 48

Example of metachromatic granule stains?

Answer 48

Albert Neisser Lamb Linderhen Ljubinsky (And NEISSER La Li Ljubinsky)

Question 49

are storage granules form for inorganic phosphate and energy which have the property of metachromasia,

Answer 49

Metachromatic granules

Question 50

What are the examples of flagella stains?

Answer 50

Leifson Gray Silver technique Caesars gil Fischer and conn (Leifson gay because he uses silver technique on Caesar gil that smells Fish and cum)

Question 51

Allows bacteria to produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cell's genetic material in extreme stress or starvation

Answer 51

Endspore

Question 52

What are the examples of endospore stain

Answer 52

Fulton and schaeffer stain Dolner Wirtz conklin

Question 53

Examples of Negative stain

Answer 53

India ink Nigrossin stain

Question 54

What bacteria can be detected in india ink?

Answer 54

Cryptococcus neoformans