2-CORE-BUILDING PATHOLOGY Flashcards
(350 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary hazard associated with asbestos?
A
Inhalation of respirable fibres that are too small to be filtered out by the body.
2
Q
What factors influence the risk posed by asbestos?
A
Type of asbestos, friability, content percentage, condition, location, surface treatment, and physical protection.
3
Q
What additional factors should be considered when assessing asbestos risk?
A
Age and number of people exposed, and the likelihood of future disturbance or damage.
4
Q
How does risk from asbestos exposure increase?
A
It increases proportionally with the number of fibres inhaled over time.
5
Q
Why is asbestos exposure more dangerous for younger individuals?
A
Because the earlier the exposure, the greater the lifetime risk of developing related diseases.
6
Q
What are the three main types of asbestos found in buildings?
A
Crocidolite (blue), amosite (brown), and chrysotile (white).
7
Q
Which type of asbestos is generally considered the most dangerous and why?
A
Crocidolite (blue) due to its finer and more durable fibres.
8
Q
Is white asbestos (chrysotile) safe?
A
No, while it’s considered to present a lower risk, there is no safe level of exposure to any asbestos type.
9
Q
Why does the UK have a higher incidence of asbestos-related deaths compared to other European countries?
A
The UK imported and used more amosite (brown asbestos), which contributes to the higher mortality rate.
10
Q
What does ‘friability’ mean in the context of asbestos risk?
A
The extent to which asbestos fibres are bound within the matrix material; higher friability means higher risk.
11
Q
What is a common mistake when identifying the client’s needs regarding surveys?
A
Failing to distinguish between an asbestos survey and a general building survey.
Understanding the difference is crucial to ensure the correct survey is conducted.
12
Q
Why is it important to inform clients about the two types of asbestos surveys?
A
Because each has different purposes, scopes, and limitations, and clients must understand these differences.
This understanding helps clients make informed decisions regarding their needs.
13
Q
What is a common issue with refurbishment and demolition surveys?
A
Not understanding the full scope of proposed works and areas that will be disturbed.
Accurate scope definition is essential to identify all potential asbestos risks.
14
Q
Why can a client’s attitude to asbestos be problematic?
A
Some may have irrational expectations, such as demanding a completely asbestos-free building.
This can lead to dissatisfaction and unrealistic project goals.
15
Q
How can surveyors exceed their professional indemnity insurance?
A
By providing services related to asbestos that fall outside the scope of their policy.
Surveyors must be aware of their insurance limitations to avoid liability.
16
Q
What should surveyors check in quotations for asbestos surveys?
A
That they don’t include caveats (e.g. working at height) that could affect the quality or completeness of reports.
Such caveats can limit the thoroughness of the survey.
17
Q
What must be verified about survey organisations?
A
That they have the required skills, experience, and meet HSE standards.
Verification ensures compliance and reliability in survey results.
18
Q
What is a mistake related to reliance on third-party information?
A
Accepting it without verifying qualifications or the quality of asbestos data
This emphasizes the need for due diligence in assessing third-party sources.
19
Q
Why is vague use of the term ‘suspect materials’ problematic?
A
It lacks clarity about what is suspected and the possible implications
Clear definitions are crucial for effective communication and risk management.
20
Q
What should be recommended when there is uncertainty about asbestos presence?
A
Further investigation or specialist advice
This ensures accurate assessment and management of potential risks.
21
Q
What helps clearly identify asbestos locations in reports?
A
Detailed descriptions and supporting photographs
Visual aids enhance understanding and verification of findings.
22
Q
Why are duplicate photos in reports a problem?
A
They cast doubt on the accuracy and reliability of the report
Consistency and variety in documentation are essential for credibility.
23
Q
Why is it risky to go beyond the survey’s limitations?
A
It may mislead clients and open liability if the report implies broader expertise
Adhering to survey boundaries protects both the provider and the client.
24
Q
Why should the function of ACMs be considered?
A
It helps assess likely contamination spread and identify similar materials elsewhere
Understanding the role of ACMs is vital for effective risk assessment.
25
Why consider air movement in asbestos assessments?
It can spread fibres, affecting areas beyond the originally contaminated zone
## Footnote
Air dynamics can significantly influence contamination management strategies.
26
What is wrong with recommending blanket asbestos removal?
It may not be justified by the actual risk and condition of the material
## Footnote
Targeted actions based on risk assessment are more effective and cost-efficient.
27
Why is it risky to assume material type without testing?
It could lead to inaccurate classification (e.g., mistaking AIB for asbestos cement)
## Footnote
Testing is essential to avoid misclassification and ensure proper handling.
28
What is the precautionary rule regarding asbestos identification?
Assume materials contain asbestos unless proven otherwise
## Footnote
This approach minimizes risk and enhances safety protocols.
29
How can caveats in reports be problematic?
They may limit the report’s usefulness or legal standing
## Footnote
Clear and comprehensive reporting is crucial for effective decision-making.
30
Why is presumption used improperly sometimes?
To avoid sampling and reduce costs, potentially compromising accuracy
## Footnote
Cost-cutting measures should not undermine the integrity of assessments.
31
What mistake is often made when interpreting asbestos reports?
Failing to understand the limitations of the inspection.
## Footnote
This can lead to misinformed decisions regarding safety and remediation.
32
What is a common reaction to asbestos presence?
Exaggerating or overreacting to the level of risk.
## Footnote
This reaction can cause unnecessary panic or costly remediation efforts.
33
What is often overlooked in ACM assessment?
The link between asbestos presence and building structure features, like risers.
## Footnote
Understanding this link is crucial for accurate risk assessment.
34
Why is it essential to review insurance coverage?
Many policies exclude or limit asbestos-related work and may not cover past claims.
## Footnote
Reviewing insurance coverage helps ensure that all potential risks are adequately covered.
35
What is a risk when renewing professional indemnity policies?
Accepting new exclusions without understanding future liability implications.
## Footnote
New exclusions can lead to uncovered risks that may result in significant financial loss.
36
Why is understanding the policy excess important?
It affects financial responsibility in the event of a claim.
## Footnote
The policy excess is the amount the insured must pay before the insurer covers the remaining costs.
37
Why shouldn’t reports be included in contracts without clarification?
Because parts may be based on presumptions, not confirmed data.
## Footnote
Reports can contain inaccuracies that affect contract obligations.
38
What structural detail is often missed in asbestos remediation?
The presence of voids that can conceal fallen debris.
## Footnote
These voids can lead to incomplete remediation.
39
What vertical risk should be considered in asbestos removal?
Sealing of pathways where fibres can travel to adjacent areas.
## Footnote
Proper sealing prevents cross-contamination during removal.
40
What should be ensured when choosing substitute materials?
That all essential qualities of the original ACM are replaced.
## Footnote
This is critical for maintaining safety and functionality.
41
What emergency measure is often overlooked?
Discussing asbestos escape procedures with adjacent occupants.
## Footnote
Communication is key for safety during remediation.
42
What cost-related mistake is common during removal works?
Not planning for how to handle unexpected asbestos findings financially.
## Footnote
Unexpected findings can lead to significant budget overruns.
43
What type of buildings are particularly vulnerable to biodeterioration?
Historic buildings.
## Footnote
Historic buildings often have unique materials and structures that make them more susceptible to biodeterioration.
44
What approach is required to address biodeterioration effectively?
A multidisciplinary approach.
## Footnote
This involves collaboration among various fields such as biology, materials science, and conservation.
45
What are the three key types of decay associated with biodeterioration?
* Timber decay
* Fungal decay
* Insect decay
## Footnote
Each type of decay is caused by different biological organisms and requires specific management strategies.
46
What are the three key factors to consider in relation to biodeterioration?
* The material
* The environment
* The organism
## Footnote
Understanding these factors is crucial for effective management and prevention of biodeterioration.
47
Why is careful inspection important before control strategies are applied?
To ensure accurate assessment and selection of appropriate interventions.
## Footnote
Accurate inspection helps identify the specific causes of decay and informs the best management practices.
48
What is generally preferred over chemical eradication for managing biodeterioration?
Environmental management and preventative maintenance.
## Footnote
These methods focus on creating conditions that deter biodeterioration, rather than relying on chemicals.
49
What is the benefit of preventative maintenance in the context of biodeterioration?
It reduces the need for major interventions and lowers conservation costs.
## Footnote
Regular maintenance helps to address issues before they escalate into serious problems.
50
How can long-term building health be maintained?
Through environmental management and ongoing monitoring of internal conditions.
## Footnote
Regular monitoring allows for early detection of potential issues and timely intervention.
51
What role does environmental management play in biodeterioration control?
It helps control factors that promote decay and extends the lifespan of building materials.
## Footnote
By managing humidity, temperature, and other environmental factors, the risk of biodeterioration can be minimized.
52
Why might specialist techniques be necessary in assessing decay?
Because some forms of biodeterioration are not visible or easily diagnosed.
## Footnote
Advanced diagnostic tools and techniques may be required to uncover hidden damage.
53
What are the key methods used to diagnose timber decay?
Physiochemical and morphological characteristics, cultural characteristics, genetic fingerprinting, VOC testing, trained animals, and decay characteristics.
## Footnote
Each method provides unique insights into the presence and extent of timber decay.
54
What is VOC testing used for in timber decay diagnosis?
To detect volatile organic compounds emitted by decay organisms.
## Footnote
VOCs are often indicative of microbial activity and can help pinpoint areas of decay.
55
What role do trained animals play in decay diagnosis?
They can help detect the presence of decay organisms, especially in concealed areas.
## Footnote
Animals, such as dogs, have heightened senses that allow them to identify specific scents associated with decay.
56
How can the condition of concealed timbers be initially assessed?
By examining the general condition and moisture content of adjacent structures.
## Footnote
This assessment provides a preliminary understanding of the potential issues affecting concealed timbers.
57
Why is demolition not ideal for assessing timber condition?
It destroys the very material that conservation seeks to preserve.
## Footnote
Conservation efforts aim to maintain the integrity of materials, and demolition contradicts this objective.
58
What kind of approach is recommended for assessing hidden timber conditions?
A non-destructive approach using instruments and careful interpretation.
## Footnote
Non-destructive methods allow for the assessment without compromising the structural integrity of the timber.
59
What tools may be used in non-destructive timber assessments?
Fibre-optics, ultrasonic devices, infrared techniques, and trained animals.
## Footnote
These tools facilitate the detection of issues without damaging the timber.
60
Why is it risky to rely solely on diagnostic instruments?
Because interpretation requires experience, and every method has limitations.
## Footnote
Skilled interpretation is crucial to accurately assess timber conditions and avoid misdiagnosis.
61
What are the steps involved in assessing decay organism activity?
Detection of organisms
* Identification of organisms
* Assessment of organism viability
* Quantification of decay state
* Assessment of environmental conditions
* Structural assessment of affected areas
## Footnote
Each step is crucial for understanding the extent of timber decay.
62
Why is environmental condition assessment important in timber decay?
Because moisture and other environmental factors contribute to organism activity and material degradation.
## Footnote
Understanding the environmental conditions helps in predicting the risk of decay.
63
What is the scientific name of the dry rot fungus?
Serpula lacrymans (formerly Merulius lacrymans)
## Footnote
The name indicates its classification in fungal taxonomy.
64
What does the Latin name Serpula lacrymans mean?
'Serpula' = to creep; 'lacrymans' = tears
## Footnote
This reflects the characteristics of the fungus.
65
Why is dry rot considered more severe than wet rot?
It decays timber at lower moisture levels (20–30%) and can spread across non-nutritional surfaces
## Footnote
This makes it a more pervasive threat to structures.
66
What moisture content does dry rot typically require for decay?
20–30%
## Footnote
This range allows the fungus to thrive and cause damage.
67
What type of buildings are particularly vulnerable to dry rot?
Traditional and historic buildings
## Footnote
These structures often have materials and conditions favorable to dry rot.
68
How can Serpula lacrymans spread within a building?
It spreads from one timber to another over non-nutritional materials like masonry.
69
What makes dry rot a major concern in UK buildings?
Its virulence, widespread timber usage in buildings, and high remediation costs.
70
What is the estimated annual UK expenditure on timber preservation works?
Over £400 million.
71
Why is early and accurate diagnosis of dry rot important?
To avoid misdiagnosis, negligence claims, and inappropriate treatment.
72
Where is Serpula lacrymans found in the wild?
Only in the Himalayas.
## Footnote
This species is specific to high-altitude environments.
73
When did Serpula lacrymans become economically significant in the UK?
In the 17th century, notably affecting Royal Navy ships.
## Footnote
The impact on naval ships prompted significant economic considerations.
74
What was the historical case that highlighted the cost of dry rot damage?
HMS Queen Charlotte, built in 1810 and repaired at great cost by 1812.
## Footnote
This case exemplified the financial implications of dry rot in maritime contexts.
75
What was the earlier name used for S. lacrymans?
Boletus lacrymans and later Merulius lacrymans.
## Footnote
The nomenclature reflects the evolving understanding of the species.
76
What major health and environmental concern is associated with chemical treatments for dry rot?
They can harm occupants' health and damage building fabric.
## Footnote
Chemical treatments can introduce toxic substances into living environments, raising concerns about long-term exposure.
77
Why has chemical treatment often been excessive in dry rot cases?
Due to a lack of understanding of the fungus’s biology and ecology.
## Footnote
This misunderstanding can lead to over-application of chemicals, which may not be necessary.
78
What is a modern goal of dry rot research?
To develop safer and more effective ecological control methods.
## Footnote
Research focuses on sustainable practices that minimize health risks and environmental impact.
79
What are the structural implications of dry rot in buildings?
It can weaken timbers, disrupt building use, and compromise safety.
## Footnote
The presence of dry rot can lead to significant repair costs and potential hazards for occupants.
80
What five areas of knowledge are essential for early and correct dry rot diagnosis?
Physiology, morphology, and pathology of the fungus
* Building structure and construction
* Environmental conditions
* Moisture mapping in the building fabric
* Wood science and pathology
81
Why is it important to detect hidden or built-in timbers in cavities and voids?
Because these areas may harbor undetected dry rot infestations.
82
What are the four types of human sensory methods used to detect dry rot?
Visual, Aural, Olfactory, Touch
## Footnote
* Visual: Warping, cuboidal cracking, strands, sporophores
* Aural: Hollow sound when timber is tapped
* Olfactory: Musty or mushroom smell
* Touch: Spongy or friable texture
83
What does an acrid taste indicate in dry rot detection?
It may be used in highly specific testing environments
## Footnote
Rare and not commonly recommended for professionals
84
How do sniffer dogs assist in detecting dry rot?
They detect active outbreaks, but cannot detect dead dry rot or wet rot.
## Footnote
Sniffer dogs are trained to identify specific scents associated with active fungal growth.
85
What is an 'electronic nose'?
A device designed to detect moulds and fungi, with some capable of detecting dry rot.
## Footnote
Electronic noses use sensor arrays and pattern recognition systems to identify specific biological compounds.
86
What is the use of a moisture meter in dry rot detection?
It confirms the presence of damp areas that may promote fungal growth.
## Footnote
Moisture meters are essential tools for assessing moisture levels in materials, which is crucial for identifying conditions conducive to dry rot.
87
How can a hand mirror and torch aid in detection?
They allow inspection of awkward or tight spaces.
## Footnote
Using a hand mirror and torch can reveal hidden areas that are not easily visible, ensuring thorough inspections.
88
What does an ultrasonic hammer do?
It helps assess the soundness of large timbers such as joists.
## Footnote
The ultrasonic hammer evaluates the integrity of wood by detecting internal flaws or decay.
89
How are endoscopes used in dry rot inspections?
They allow internal viewing of inaccessible areas like voids or cavities.
## Footnote
Endoscopes provide a non-invasive method to inspect hidden spaces for signs of rot without damaging structures.
90
What is the role of DNA analysis in detecting dry rot?
It provides genetic confirmation of rot samples to identify the fungus.
## Footnote
DNA analysis is a precise method for identifying specific fungal species responsible for dry rot, enhancing diagnosis accuracy.
91
What types of wood are vulnerable to dry rot?
Primarily softwoods, but hardwoods like oak can also be infected.
## Footnote
Dry rot is a fungal decay that affects various types of wood, primarily in damp environments.
92
What is the main biochemical difference between white rot and brown rot fungi?
White rot fungi degrade both cellulose and lignin, while brown rot fungi degrade cellulose and only modify lignin.
## Footnote
This distinction is crucial for understanding how different fungi contribute to wood decay.
93
What does brown rot leave behind in timber?
A brown amorphous lignin-rich residue, often dry and crumbly.
## Footnote
This residue can affect the structural integrity of timber.
94
What texture and appearance does white rot produce in timber?
A soft, felty or spongy texture with little colour change and no cross cracks.
## Footnote
The soft texture indicates extensive decay and affects the usability of the wood.
95
Is dry rot a form of white or brown rot?
Brown rot.
96
Can wet rot be both white and brown rot?
Yes, wet rot includes both types.
97
Name three common brown rot fungi
* Coniophora puteana
* Paxillus panuoides
* Antrodia vaillantii
## Footnote
These fungi are known for their ability to degrade wood, leading to brown rot.
98
What visual symptoms are associated with brown rot in wood?
Wood becomes darker, cracks along and across the grain, and crumbles to dust when dry
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate advanced decay and structural weakness in the wood.
99
Name three common white rot fungi.
* Pleurotus ostreatus
* Donkioporia expansa
* Phellinus contiguus
## Footnote
White rot fungi are known for their ability to decompose lignin in wood, contributing to the biodegradation process.
100
What are the biodegradation capabilities of Pleurotus ostreatus - oyster fungus?
It degrades polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as anthracene, phenanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene into CO₂ and water-soluble products.
## Footnote
This capability is significant for environmental remediation efforts.
101
In what environments does Donkioporia expansa typically grow?
Very wet wood with 40–60% moisture, including saturated wood in cooling towers and buildings with water ingress.
## Footnote
Donkioporia expansa thrives in conditions where wood is consistently exposed to moisture.
102
What structural timber is Donkioporia expansa commonly found on?
Oak timbers, especially in churches and heritage buildings.
## Footnote
This species is often found in older structures where traditional materials were used.
103
How can you visually distinguish Donkioporia expansa from Antrodia vaillantii?
By its grey to ochre brown pores, rather than white pores.
## Footnote
This characteristic is crucial for proper identification in mycological studies.
104
What insect is often associated with Donkioporia expansa infestation?
Death watch beetle (Xestobium rufovillosum).
## Footnote
The presence of this beetle can indicate wood decay caused by fungi like Donkioporia expansa.
105
What is soft rot?
A form of deterioration resembling brown rot that results in unusual softening of wood.
106
How does soft rot compare to decay?
Soft rot is as prevalent as decay but is less damaging and less detectable.
107
What can soft rot be regarded as?
A superficial form of wet rot.
108
Where is soft rot more commonly found?
In timber in ground contact.
109
How many species are known to cause soft rot?
More than 100 species.
110
Which species is the most destructive in causing soft rot?
Chaetomium globosum.
111
What distinctive characteristics do soft rot fungi have?
Physiological and ecological characteristics that differ from decay fungi.
112
How do soft rot fungi differ from decay fungi in wood modification?
They cause a comparatively small increase in alkaline solubility and can utilise wood lignin extensively.
113
What condition can increase susceptibility to soft rot?
Partial weakening of the lignin carbohydrate complex in cooling towers wetted by chloride-containing water.
114
What microclimate conditions can soft rotters endure?
Higher temperatures, higher pHs, and areas with restricted oxygen.
115
Which type of wood is more susceptible to soft rot?
Hardwoods.
116
What part of the wood is mostly damaged by soft rot?
The outer wood.
117
What can probing with a knife reveal about soft rot damage?
Conspicuously degraded wood may be shallow and the transition to firm wood may be abrupt.
118
What does soft rot wood look like when wet?
It may be so decomposed that it can be scraped from the surface with a fingernail.
119
What does soft rot wood look like when dry?
It may appear lightly charred with profuse fine cracking and fissuring.
120
What conditions are mainly associated with soft rot?
Waterlogged wood.
121
What types of structures may have affected wood components due to soft rot?
Quays, jetties, mills, and boathouses.
122
Which class do most moulds found in buildings belong to?
Hyphomycetes (Deuteromycotina)
## Footnote
This class includes many species of moulds that can thrive in indoor environments.
123
What materials do moulds typically live on in buildings?
Starches and sugars in parenchyma, surface deposits on masonry, wood, plaster, wallpaper, and paint
## Footnote
These materials provide essential nutrients for mould growth.
124
What is the typical moisture content needed for mould colonisation of wood?
At or above 20%, with appreciable growth at 28–32% (fibre saturation point)
## Footnote
Moisture is crucial for mould development on wood surfaces.
125
What is the optimum temperature range for mould growth?
Between 24–30°C
## Footnote
This temperature range provides ideal conditions for the proliferation of mould.
126
What is a key indicator of a potential moisture problem in a building?
The presence of actively growing moulds
## Footnote
Actively growing moulds signal excess moisture and potential structural issues.
127
How do moulds affect the mechanical properties of wood?
They cause minor toughness loss, especially by attacking parenchyma cells.
## Footnote
Parenchyma cells are fundamental components of wood tissue that contribute to its structural integrity.
128
What impact do moulds have on paper, leather, and insulation?
They cause serious weakening and discolouration.
## Footnote
This can lead to significant degradation of these materials, affecting their usability and aesthetic appearance.
129
Why does moulded wood increase the risk of further decay?
It becomes more porous and wets more easily.
## Footnote
Increased porosity allows for easier water absorption, which can promote further microbial growth and decay.
130
Name five common mould genera found in buildings
Cladosporium
Penicillium
Aspergillus
Trichoderma viride
Alternaria
## Footnote
These genera are often associated with indoor air quality issues.
131
What mould produces a pigmented surface that could be mistaken for dry rot spores?
Some produce rusty red or fluffy white growths
## Footnote
This can lead to misidentification of mould types during inspections.
132
What division do slime moulds belong to?
Myxomycota.
133
Where are slime moulds usually found in nature?
On fallen trunks and branches in forests.
134
Where might slime moulds be found in buildings?
On inorganic substrates (brickwork, concrete, etc.) and damp wood (especially exterior joinery).
135
What is the size of typical slime mould fruiting bodies?
Up to 120mm in diameter.
136
What do slime moulds feed on in wood?
They feed on bacteria, not the wood itself.
137
When do slime moulds become visible?
Only when they produce fruiting bodies on surfaces.
138
What type of wood does Asterostroma species typically attack?
Softwoods.
## Footnote
Asterostroma species are known for their preference towards softer wood types.
139
Where is Asterostroma species commonly found in buildings?
On joinery, such as skirting boards.
## Footnote
This includes areas where wood is used for decorative or functional purposes.
140
What colour does the mycelium of Asterostroma species turn when it matures?
White, turning to cream or buff.
## Footnote
The color change indicates the progression of the fungal life cycle.
141
What does the decayed wood from Asterostroma species look like?
It becomes bleached and has a stringy, fibrous appearance.
## Footnote
This visual change is characteristic of wood decay caused by fungi.
142
What conditions cause Coniophora puteana and C. marmorata to thrive?
Wet conditions like plumbing leaks or soil moisture
## Footnote
These fungi prefer environments where moisture is consistently present, making them common in areas with water damage.
143
What colour are the hyphae of Coniophora puteana initially?
White, turning yellow to brown
## Footnote
The change in colour indicates the maturity and health of the fungal growth.
144
What is the typical appearance of the fruiting body of C. puteana?
Olive green to brown, with a warty surface and paler margin
## Footnote
The fruiting body is an important identification feature for this species.
145
What is the characteristic damage caused by C. puteana?
Shrinkage of wood, with longitudinal cracks
## Footnote
This damage can compromise the structural integrity of wooden materials.
146
What unique feature does C. marmorata have in its fruiting body?
A pinkish-brown, smooth to lumpy surface
## Footnote
This distinctive feature aids in the identification of C. marmorata compared to other fungi.
147
What type of wood does Dacrymyces stillatus attack?
Both hardwoods and softwoods.
## Footnote
Dacrymyces stillatus is known to affect various wood types.
148
How do the fruiting bodies of Dacrymyces stillatus appear?
Orange-red and gelatinous when fresh, becoming darker and harder as they dry.
## Footnote
The fruiting bodies change texture and color over time.
149
What appearance does the decay from Dacrymyces stillatus cause in wood?
Pocket rot appearance, usually confined to the interior of timber.
## Footnote
This type of decay is specific to the wood's internal structure.
150
What type of wood does Donkioporia expansa predominantly attack?
Hardwood, especially oak.
## Footnote
Donkioporia expansa is known for its preference for hardwood species.
151
What does the mycelium of Donkioporia expansa look like?
Yellow to reddish brown, forming a thick, felted growth with yellowish-brown liquid drops.
## Footnote
The mycelial growth is a key identifying feature of this fungus.
152
What distinctive feature do the fruiting bodies of Donkioporia expansa have?
Bracket-shaped, leathery, and hard, with brown and buff-coloured hymenium.
## Footnote
The appearance of the fruiting bodies aids in identification.
153
What type of damage does Donkioporia expansa cause to timber?
The wood becomes bleached and lint-like, with stringy white fibres.
## Footnote
This damage can significantly affect the structural integrity of the wood.
154
Where are Gloeophyllum sepiarium and G. abietinum found in buildings?
Exposed timber like fences, poles, and external staircases.
## Footnote
These fungi typically infest areas where wood is exposed to moisture.
155
What is the moisture content required for Gloeophyllum sepiarium?
Between 30% to 50%.
## Footnote
This moisture range is critical for the growth and decay process of the fungus.
156
How does Gloeophyllum sepiarium cause wood to decay?
It causes tobacco brown rot, producing small cubes (2-5mm) under the surface.
## Footnote
Tobacco brown rot is characterized by the formation of cube-like structures in decayed wood.
157
What’s the appearance of the fruiting bodies of Gloeophyllum sepiarium?
Corky consistency, bracket-shaped, appearing in late summer.
## Footnote
The fruiting bodies are distinctive and help in identifying the fungus.
158
Where is Lentinus lepideus commonly found in buildings?
On creosoted wood like telegraph poles and railway sleepers.
## Footnote
Lentinus lepideus is a wood-decaying fungus that thrives on treated wood materials.
159
What is the distinctive smell of wood decayed by Lentinus lepideus?
Aromatic, resembling Peru balsam.
## Footnote
This characteristic odor can help identify the presence of this fungus in affected wood.
160
How does the decay from Lentinus lepideus affect the wood?
It darkens and cracks along and across the grain.
## Footnote
The physical changes in the wood can indicate fungal activity and potential structural issues.
161
What type of decay does Paxillus panuoides cause in wood?
Similar to cellar rot, causing deep longitudinal fissures with fine cross-cracks.
## Footnote
This decay can severely compromise the structural integrity of the wood.
162
How does the mycelium of Paxillus panuoides appear?
Fine, soft, hairy, and dull yellow with occasional violet tinges.
## Footnote
The appearance of the mycelium can help in identifying this specific fungus.
163
What is the typical colour of stain fungi in sapwood?
Blue to black.
## Footnote
Stain fungi can cause visible discoloration in wood, especially in sapwood.
164
Which fungi genera are common sources of stain fungi in buildings?
Aureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium species, and Sclerophoma pithyophila.
## Footnote
These genera are frequently found in environments where wood is present.
165
What is the primary effect of stain fungi on wood in buildings?
Discoloration, usually blue or black, without significant structural damage.
## Footnote
The presence of stain fungi is mainly a cosmetic issue rather than a structural one.
166
What is a common issue caused by stain fungi in varnished or painted wood?
Disfigurement of surfaces due to surface growths and damage to coatings.
## Footnote
This can lead to aesthetic concerns and may require refinishing or repainting.
167
What are the primary causes of decay in timber used in buildings?
Insects, particularly beetles and termites
## Footnote
Beetles are often more destructive than other wood-boring insects.
168
Why are beetles considered more destructive than other wood-boring insects?
They can actively use the wood as a food source
## Footnote
Many wood-boring insects only target damp wood.
169
What is the scientific name of the Death-Watch Beetle?
Xestobium rufovillosum
## Footnote
This beetle prefers wood affected by fungal attack.
170
What type of wood does the Death-Watch Beetle primarily target?
Hardwoods, particularly oak, and sometimes softwoods
## Footnote
It targets wood in historic buildings.
171
What are the signs of infestation from the Death-Watch Beetle?
Circular emergence holes (3-4mm in diameter) and bore dust
## Footnote
Bore dust is cream-colored and disc-shaped.
172
When is the activity period for Death-Watch Beetles?
Between March and June
## Footnote
They are not active fliers.
173
What is the scientific name of the Common Furniture Beetle?
Anobium punctatum
## Footnote
It is one of the most common woodborers.
174
What is the primary habitat of the Common Furniture Beetle?
The sapwood of timber in buildings and natural forests
## Footnote
It is very common in these areas.
175
What are the signs of infestation from the Common Furniture Beetle?
Emergence holes (up to 2mm in diameter) and fresh frass
## Footnote
Fresh frass resembles the color of freshly cut wood.
176
What type of damage do larvae of the Common Furniture Beetle cause?
They tunnel through wood, weakening its structural integrity
## Footnote
This damage accumulates over time.
177
What are the two types of termites mentioned?
Subterranean Termites and Drywood Termites
## Footnote
Each type has distinct habitats and damage mechanisms.
178
Where do Subterranean Termites prefer to nest?
Outdoors
## Footnote
They are responsible for the majority of termite damage.
179
How do Subterranean Termites cause damage?
They build mud tunnels to reach wood in buildings
## Footnote
These tunnels often go unnoticed.
180
What is the preferred habitat of Drywood Termites?
Dry wood only
## Footnote
They do not enter the ground.
181
How do Drywood Termites initiate an infestation?
Winged forms lay eggs in cracks and joints of timber
## Footnote
They feed on the wood, often causing severe damage.
182
What is a common sign of Drywood Termite infestation?
Intact skins left on the surface of timber
## Footnote
This can indicate a significant infestation.
183
What proactive measures can be taken to prevent infestations?
Using timber treatments, maintaining proper ventilation, and addressing water leaks
## Footnote
These measures are crucial in areas prone to pests.
184
True or False: Termites typically cause more damage than beetles.
True
## Footnote
Subterranean termites, in particular, cause significant structural damage.
185
What are the two main types of damp affecting traditional buildings in the UK?
Rising damp and penetrating damp.
186
What materials have been used in older buildings that trap moisture?
Cement renders and other non-breathable materials.
187
What is the purpose of remedial chemical damp proof injections?
To combat rising damp.
188
What issue can arise from changing ground levels around buildings?
Increased risk of water ingress and blocked natural moisture evaporation.
189
What can replacing rotten timber floors with solid floors lead to?
Exacerbated dampness issues.
190
What is tanking in the context of damp proofing?
Applying impermeable coatings to prevent moisture penetration.
191
What problems can arise from tanking?
It may worsen underlying moisture problems by locking moisture inside.
192
What are some issues caused by trapped moisture in buildings?
* Mould Infestation
* Wood Decay Fungi (Dry Rot and Wet Rot)
* Insect Infestation (e.g., woodworm, death watch beetle)
193
What conditions do rising damp and penetrating damp create for wood-decay fungi?
Ideal conditions for the development of dry rot and wet rot.
194
What type of insects are attracted to damp timber?
Wood-boring insects such as woodworm and death-watch beetles.
195
True or False: Electronic moisture meters can accurately differentiate between types of damp.
False.
196
What is a misconception in traditional damp management?
Extensive chemical injection damp proof courses are often recommended even when they have failed.
197
What is the importance of building breathability?
Allows moisture to enter and release, maintaining the building’s integrity.
198
What modern non-destructive methods help diagnose damp issues?
* Infrared thermography
* Damp and residual moisture analysis
* Spot environmental monitoring
199
What is one common recommendation for managing ground levels around buildings?
Lowering ground levels to prevent water ingress.
200
Fill in the blank: Traditional _______ plaster can be used on internal walls to help regulate moisture.
lime
201
What are dry lining systems used for?
To improve ventilation and prevent moisture buildup within walls.
202
What is preferred over chemical injections for managing moisture in buildings?
Physical damp proof courses.
203
What is a key takeaway about modern techniques for damp issues?
They focus on dealing with root causes rather than just symptoms.
204
What materials should be used to maintain breathability in buildings?
Natural materials like lime plaster.
205
How have advances in building science impacted conservation practices?
Led to more cost-effective and sustainable conservation practices.
206
What is the overall goal of addressing dampness and decay in historic buildings?
To protect and preserve the buildings while maintaining their breathability and structural integrity.
207
What is biodeterioration?
The decay and degradation of materials caused by living organisms.
208
What are the three main factors that affect biodeterioration?
* The Material
* The Environment
* The Organism
209
What role does ecology play in biodeterioration?
Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment, affecting how organisms settle, grow, and develop.
210
What temperature range do most fungi thrive in for timber decay?
20–30ºC.
211
At what temperature does dry rot occur best?
23ºC.
212
What moisture content makes timber particularly vulnerable to fungal attack?
20-30%.
213
How does relative humidity affect timber decay?
It plays a key role in maintaining moisture levels, which can foster fungal and pest growth.
214
What is the impact of proper ventilation on timber decay?
It helps regulate moisture levels and prevents the buildup of conditions conducive to fungi and insect activity.
215
What is the effect of ultraviolet light on building materials?
It can weaken materials and affect the activity of organisms like algae and fungi.
216
How does dust contribute to biodeterioration?
Dust accumulation can provide nutrients for fungal spores and other organisms.
217
What role does air pollution play in biodeterioration?
It can cause the accumulation of acidic compounds that accelerate material degradation.
218
Name two types of pests that contribute to material deterioration.
* Woodworm
* Death-watch beetles
219
What is one consequence of improper handling of materials during construction?
It can introduce moisture and physical damage, creating entry points for pests and fungi.
220
How can high foot traffic in a building affect biodeterioration?
It can introduce moisture and contaminants, increasing the risk of decay.
221
What are two primary causes of moisture accumulation in buildings?
* Leaks
* Flooding
222
What is the significance of air movement in buildings?
It helps control moisture levels and prevent stagnation.
223
What factors can significantly affect the risks of biodeterioration in buildings?
* Cultural factors
* Organizational factors
* Management factors
224
What is penetrating damp?
Water from the ground seeping into buildings through cracks in the foundation.
225
What is condensation in the context of building moisture?
It occurs when warm air contacts cooler surfaces, forming water droplets.
226
What is construction moisture?
Moisture from building materials like concrete, mortar, and plaster in newly constructed buildings.
227
How do building defects contribute to biodeterioration?
They allow moisture to penetrate, creating conditions ripe for decay.
228
What is essential for preventing biodeterioration in buildings?
Proper management of environmental conditions, particularly moisture control and ventilation.
229
True or False: Biodeterioration is primarily driven by the interplay of material, environment, and organism.
True.
230
What is the main purpose of inspections and surveys for biodeterioration?
To identify infected or vulnerable areas, assess risks associated with decay, and provide a logical strategy for dealing with problems.
231
What are the three stages of the survey process for biodeterioration?
* Desktop Study
* Primary Inspection
* Secondary Inspection
232
What is included in the desktop study stage of the survey?
* Gathering and reviewing relevant information about the building
* Reviewing records and drawings
* Consulting with current owners and past occupants
* Researching previous outbreaks
233
During the primary inspection, what are the key external inspection signs of damp?
* Damp stains on exterior walls
* Algae growth
* Evidence of water infiltration
234
What are some symptoms of rot found during the internal timber inspection?
* Warped or curled wooden panels
* Cracks in painted woodwork
* Strong mushroom-like odor
* Springing lintels or floors
* Fruiting bodies with red dust-like spores
235
What is the purpose of the secondary inspection?
To conduct deeper investigations into potentially hidden areas using non-destructive methods.
236
Fill in the blank: The __________ study helps identify areas that may need closer examination and forms a baseline for the subsequent steps.
desktop
237
True or False: The secondary inspection may involve lifting floorboards or removing timber panelling.
True
238
What are the key objectives of the three-stage survey?
* Understanding the client’s objectives
* Gathering background information about the building
* Identifying sources of dampness
* Identifying affected timbers
* Diagnosing dampness defects
* Pinpointing risk factors
* Providing a detailed report
239
What does the reporting stage involve in the biodeterioration survey?
Providing a detailed and impartial report outlining the nature and extent of any biodeterioration present.
240
What should recommendations in the report be based on?
Accurate findings that are effective and cost-efficient.
241
What types of biodeterioration are primarily assessed in these surveys?
* Dry rot
* Wet rot
* Insect infestation
242
What are some risk factors that surveyors look for during the inspection?
* Vulnerable areas of the building
* External and internal indicators like damp patches
* Decaying wood
* Visible pests
243
Fill in the blank: The __________ inspection starts with an external inspection and moves inside the building.
primary
244
What is a significant indicator of fungal decay during the timber inspection?
A strong mushroom-like odor
245
What are typical issues that could lead to dampness in a building?
* Poor ventilation
* Leaking pipes
* Damage to the damp-proof course
246
What is the role of consultation during the desktop study?
To gather crucial information on alterations, repairs, or issues encountered with the structure.
247
True or False: The desktop study is conducted after the primary inspection.
False
248
What methods can be used to inspect hard-to-reach areas during the secondary inspection?
Non-invasive techniques such as using a fibre-optic endoscope.
249
What types of external water sources should be checked during the secondary inspection?
Rainwater or ground moisture that could lead to water ingress.
250
What is the purpose of a resistograph decay detection drill?
To assess the structural integrity of timbers in buildings and establish the extent of decay and necessary repairs.
## Footnote
The resistograph can be used on trusses, purlins, joists, wall plates, and beams.
251
How does a resistograph measure decay in timber?
It measures drill resistance, detecting differences in the density of early and late sapwood.
## Footnote
The device creates a fine drill canal that minimizes air entry and decay infection.
252
What is a key characteristic of decay that may not be immediately apparent?
A surface layer of sound timber may hide decay within the beam or decay may be located in the middle of the beam.
## Footnote
This situation can occur with dry rot, which is sensitive to air movement.
253
What environmental conditions does dry rot require to thrive?
Moisture and an environment away from sunlight and air movement.
## Footnote
Dry rot can generate moisture while digesting cellulose, supporting decay in low air movement conditions.
254
What remains of timber after decay primarily consists of which component?
Lignin.
## Footnote
The decay process primarily affects cellulose, leaving behind lignin.
255
What expertise is necessary for determining the age of dry rot for legal and insurance claims?
Sound building mycological knowledge and expertise in timber pathology.
## Footnote
This expertise allows for the establishment of the extent of infestation and decay.
256
Fill in the blank: The extent of decay in timber beams is governed by the amount of _______.
moisture available to the dry rot.
257
True or False: The drill shavings created by the resistograph are removed from the wood.
False.
## Footnote
The drill canal is so fine that shavings remain in the wood, minimizing air entry.
258
List three types of timber components that can be assessed for decay.
* Trusses
* Purlins
* Joists
* Wall plates
* Beams
259
What is the relationship between dry rot and air movement?
Dry rot is very sensitive to air movement and desiccation.
## Footnote
It tries to maintain an ideal environment for decay by avoiding sunlight and air.
260
What is the purpose of a resistograph decay detection drill?
To assess the structural integrity of timbers in buildings and establish the extent of decay and necessary repairs.
## Footnote
The resistograph can be used on trusses, purlins, joists, wall plates, and beams.
261
How does a resistograph measure decay in timber?
It measures drill resistance, detecting differences in the density of early and late sapwood.
## Footnote
The device creates a fine drill canal that minimizes air entry and decay infection.
262
What is a key characteristic of decay that may not be immediately apparent?
A surface layer of sound timber may hide decay within the beam or decay may be located in the middle of the beam.
## Footnote
This situation can occur with dry rot, which is sensitive to air movement.
263
What environmental conditions does dry rot require to thrive?
Moisture and an environment away from sunlight and air movement.
## Footnote
Dry rot can generate moisture while digesting cellulose, supporting decay in low air movement conditions.
264
What remains of timber after decay primarily consists of which component?
Lignin.
## Footnote
The decay process primarily affects cellulose, leaving behind lignin.
265
What expertise is necessary for determining the age of dry rot for legal and insurance claims?
Sound building mycological knowledge and expertise in timber pathology.
## Footnote
This expertise allows for the establishment of the extent of infestation and decay.
266
Fill in the blank: The extent of decay in timber beams is governed by the amount of _______.
moisture available to the dry rot.
267
True or False: The drill shavings created by the resistograph are removed from the wood.
False.
## Footnote
The drill canal is so fine that shavings remain in the wood, minimizing air entry.
268
List three types of timber components that can be assessed for decay.
* Trusses
* Purlins
* Joists
* Wall plates
* Beams
269
What is the relationship between dry rot and air movement?
Dry rot is very sensitive to air movement and desiccation.
## Footnote
It tries to maintain an ideal environment for decay by avoiding sunlight and air.
270
How can timber moisture content be estimated?
By using a resistance-type moisture meter fitted with insulated needle probes
## Footnote
Results may fluctuate depending on relative humidity and temperature.
271
What is the surface moisture content of a rafter in summer and winter?
16% in summer; over 20% in winter
## Footnote
This does not necessarily indicate a fault in the roof.
272
What tool is recommended for measuring subsurface moisture content in timber?
A hammer probe with insulated electrodes
273
Why is estimating surface moisture content in plaster and mortar of limited value?
It is only useful for comparison
274
Which device can be used to detect areas in plastered walls requiring further investigation?
A surface capacitance meter
275
What methods can provide absolute readings of moisture content in masonry?
* Carbide-type pressure meter
* Oven drying method
276
What is the aim of a detailed investigation following initial findings?
To determine the distribution and extent of significant decay organisms and moisture movement
277
What key factors should be noted during a detailed investigation?
* Species and viability of decay organisms
* Moisture content of materials
* Ambient relative humidity
* Ventilation
278
What might be significant in relation to timber decay?
Timber species and previous chemical treatments
279
Why is it important to coordinate investigation results with building structure?
To consider the characteristics of particular periods and methods of construction
280
What should be done with the results of the investigation?
Carefully recorded and quantified where possible
281
How long might a detailed investigation take for a typical three-bedroom house?
About 5 man-hours
282
True or False: Active decay organisms may have already caused significant timber decay.
False
## Footnote
Active decay organisms may not yet have caused significant timber decay.
283
What can help in reducing differences of opinion during investigations?
Analysis of results by other experts
284
Fill in the blank: The movement of _______ through the structure is particularly important.
moisture
285
What can photography provide during the investigation process?
Valuable documentation
286
What types of structures represent the depth of our cultural heritage?
Churches, abbeys, castles, monuments
## Footnote
These structures often feature beautiful ornamental architectural and decorative finishes.
287
What environmental conditions contribute to the deterioration of historic buildings?
Water, humidity, temperature, lack of ventilation
## Footnote
These conditions favor the decay of materials and contents in historic structures.
288
What is the purpose of sympathetic and careful investigatory techniques in historic buildings?
To keep the original decorative and architectural features.
289
What was the only specialist non-destructive inspection equipment until recently?
An endoscope.
290
What innovative equipment has Environmental Building Solutions pioneered for inspections?
An air sampler.
291
How does the air sampler work?
It extracts a known volume of air from a hidden void or cavity.
292
What can be analyzed from the air sample collected from a historic void?
Dry rot, wet rot, mould spores.
293
What indicates a low risk of decay in a historic void?
Normal background levels of spores.
294
What indicates a problem in the void during air sampling?
High levels of spores.
295
What follow-up methods can be used after detecting high spore levels?
Fibre optic inspection, resistograph decay detection drills.
296
Name one successful case study of non-destructive inspection.
Hampton Court Palace.
297
Fill in the blank: Non-destructive inspections require a good knowledge of _______.
[building materials, environment, construction].
298
What is the purpose of resistograph inspection?
To inspect historic structural timbers.
299
True or False: Non-destructive inspections can damage the original features of historic buildings.
False.
300
What are some locations where successful case studies have been conducted?
* Tower of London
* Flats in Pacific Wharf
* Bank building in Canary Wharf
* Westminster Abbey
* Windsor Castle
* Dover Castle.
301
What is EBS Ltd continuing to research and develop?
The origin and spread of dry rot from the Himalayas
## Footnote
This research aims to enhance understanding of the fungus's biology, ecology, and physiology.
302
What unique environmental condition is being studied in relation to dry rot?
The coping mechanisms of the fungus in ever-changing environmental conditions in the western hemisphere compared to the Himalayas
## Footnote
This involves understanding how the fungus adapts to different climates.
303
What technology was used during inspections for damp, infestation, and timber decay?
State-of-the-art resistograph technology and non-destructive investigations
## Footnote
These methods help provide precise recommendations for environmental conservation.
304
Which historic timber structures were inspected using principles from EBS Ltd's R&D?
* Kings College Chapel, Cambridge
* Christ Church, Oxford
* Westminster Abbey
* Tower of London
## Footnote
Inspections focused on historic timber trusses and joists.
305
What is EBS Ltd's philosophy regarding inspection and environmental management?
Non-destructive inspection and environmental management of infestation and decay without chemicals and pesticides
## Footnote
This approach aims to preserve historic fabric.
306
What recent investigations were conducted at cathedrals?
Detailed investigations of the roofs at Canterbury Cathedral and Chichester Cathedral
## Footnote
These investigations were noted for their challenges and complexity.
307
What knowledge allowed EBS Ltd to develop innovative conservation solutions?
In-depth knowledge of wood science and technology, along with the science of fungal infestation and decay (mycology)
## Footnote
This combination of knowledge is crucial for holistic conservation.
308
Fill in the blank: EBS Ltd applies R&D knowledge to inspections for _______.
[damp, infestation, rot, and timber decay]
309
True or False: EBS Ltd uses chemicals and pesticides in their environmental management approach.
False
## Footnote
EBS Ltd emphasizes chemical-free methods for preserving historic timbers.
310
What is the focus of the R&D work regarding dry rot fungus?
Understanding its biology, ecology, and physiology
## Footnote
This includes studying its adaptation to different environments.
311
What are the ideal characteristics of a wood preservative?
The ideal wood preservative should possess:
* high toxicity towards wood-destroying organisms
* permanency in treated wood
* ability to penetrate deeply into the wood
* non-corrosive to metals and non-injurious to wood
* reasonably safe to handle
312
What regulations govern wood preservatives in the UK?
Wood preservatives are regulated by The Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986.
313
What is the first step in the conventional treatment of dry rot?
Establish the size and significance of the attack, especially if structural timbers are affected.
314
What should be done to eliminate sources of moisture in dry rot treatment?
Locate and eliminate sources of moisture.
315
What is the recommended method for removing rotted wood in dry rot treatment?
Remove all rotted wood, cutting away approximately 450mm beyond the last indications of the fungus.
316
How can the spread of fungus be prevented within brickwork and plaster?
Use preservatives to prevent further spread of the fungus.
317
What should be done with remaining sound timbers at risk of dry rot?
Treat remaining sound timbers with preservative (minimum two full brush coats).
318
What is a key measure to support sound timber in the context of wet brickwork?
Introduce support measures such as ventilation pathways or barriers like damp-proof membranes.
319
True or False: It is safe to retain dry rot infected timber without seeking expert advice.
False
320
What are the advantages of biological control methods over chemical control methods?
Biological control methods avoid extensive environmental degradation and potential hazards to wildlife.
321
What is the principle behind biological control methods for preventing biodeterioration?
Placing a microorganism into a material to prevent invasion by damaging species.
322
Name a successful example of biological control against wood-decay fungi.
Trichoderma species can be used against various wood-rotting fungi.
323
Fill in the blank: The basic principle in the control of fungal growth is to render the micro-environment as _______ as possible.
hostile
324
What are the three factors to consider for preventing biodeterioration?
The three factors are:
* the material
* the environment
* the organism
325
What is the oldest method of preventing biological deterioration?
Control of the environment of a susceptible material.
326
What does environmental control rely on?
Controlling the cause of the problem by controlling the environment.
327
List some actions involved in environmental control.
Actions include:
* locating and eliminating sources of moisture
* promoting rapid drying
* determining the full extent of the outbreak
* removing decayed timber
* determining structural strength
* instituting good building practices
328
What kind of team is required for effective environmental control?
A multidisciplinary team of scientists, engineers, surveyors, and those with computing skills.
329
What should be established before specification or remedial work in cases of wood rot or wood-boring insects?
The cause and extent of damp and timber decay, including health risks to occupants
## Footnote
This investigation should include inspection of accessible timbers and determination of active wood-rotting fungi or insects.
330
Who should carry out the investigation of timber decay and damp?
An independent specialist consultant, architect, or surveyor
## Footnote
This ensures an unbiased assessment of the situation.
331
What is the primary focus of the specification of remedial work?
Maximum conservation of materials and future health of the building and its occupants
## Footnote
Other considerations include minimal new material use and avoidance of chemical pesticides.
332
List the key elements that should be included in the specification of remedial work.
* Maximum conservation of materials
* Future health of the building and its occupants
* Minimal use of new materials
* Avoidance of chemical pesticide use
* Minimum adverse environmental impact
* Minimum cost of the whole project
333
What should remedial building works aim to control?
Timber decay and prevent further decay
## Footnote
This includes correcting significant building defects related to high moisture content or poor ventilation.
334
What is the recommended subsurface moisture content for timber after remediation?
Below 16–18%
## Footnote
Maintaining low moisture is crucial for preventing further decay.
335
What measures should be taken to ensure timber is isolated from damp masonry?
Use of air space or damp-proof membranes
## Footnote
This prevents moisture from affecting the timber.
336
What is the maximum average relative humidity allowed in voids around timber?
65%
## Footnote
Keeping humidity low helps to prevent fungal growth.
337
What should be done with active fungal material and compromised timber?
Remove active fungal material and any timber affected to the extent that its function is compromised
## Footnote
This is essential to protect adjacent structures and prevent infestation.
338
What should be avoided in the use of chemical pesticides?
Use of combined, general, or precautionary treatments
## Footnote
Specific agents should be used for specific organisms.
339
Under what regulations should pesticides be applied?
In accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and current regulations
## Footnote
This includes guidelines from the Property Care Association and the Health and Safety Executive.
340
True or False: Pesticides can be applied without considering the health of occupants.
False
## Footnote
The contractor must certify that treatments will not harm occupants or wildlife.
341
What should be done with surplus pesticide and treated waste materials?
Dispose safely and in accordance with regulations
## Footnote
This ensures non-polluting disposal methods.
342
What is environmental monitoring in built environments?
Data logging of temperature, humidity, moisture content and other parameters in building materials, using on-site sensors and an automatic weather station.
## Footnote
Includes monitoring internal and external environmental conditions and the building fabric.
343
What does remote sensing of moisture content in timber help prevent?
Serious timber decay.
## Footnote
It accurately determines the source and distribution of moisture within the building fabric.
344
What is the purpose of monitoring drying in timber?
To avoid serious timber decay and control the drying out of the building fabric.
## Footnote
Data from investigations is used to determine policies for drying out after refurbishment.
345
What can remote sensing systems installed in masonry determine?
The state of drying out and moisture profiles across thick walls.
## Footnote
They can provide warnings for future water penetration.
346
How can complex remote sensing systems be utilized?
Data can be transferred to a computer or a central building management system.
## Footnote
Systems can be tailored to suit specific buildings.
347
What is mothballing in the context of historic buildings?
Preventative conservation to manage deterioration of historic fabric, contents, and decorative finishes.
## Footnote
It is a proactive approach to preserving historic fabric.
348
What strategies are important after investigations in mothballing?
Developing a strategy to stabilise the historic building environment.
## Footnote
This may include preventing water penetration and maximising ventilation.
349
What benefits does mothballing provide to building owners?
Reduces risks faced by empty buildings and maintains market value.
## Footnote
It increases the chances of bringing buildings back into permanent use.
350
Name some locations where mothballing of historic buildings has been successful.
* A college in Ireland
* Castles in the Czech Republic
* Monasteries in Germany, India, China, and Denmark
## Footnote
These projects have helped preserve historic fabric and timbers.
