Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > (2) Endocrine and Diabetes > Flashcards

(2) Endocrine and Diabetes Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does ADH act

A

kidney tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does oxytocin act

A

uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is T4

A

Thyroxine (the less active thyroid hormone, longer half life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is T3

A

Triodothyronine (more active thyroid hormone, shorter half life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is used by the thyroid to make T3 and T4

A

iodine and tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes goiter formation

A

Most commonly caused by lack of dietary iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is primary hypothyroidism

A

when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does Hashimotos disease cause

A

auto-immune disease that attacks the thyroid causing hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is secondary hypothyroidism

A

when the pituitary isn’t secreting enough TSH, often caused by a tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the functions of the thyroid hormones

A
  1. regulate gene expression to increase metabolism
  2. increase BMR
  3. Stimulate carbohydrate metabolism and lipolysis
  4. affect protein synthesis
  5. increase sensitivity to catecholamines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What will an insufficient diet of iodine cause

A

hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism

A 
weight gain
constipation
fatigue
irregular menstrual cycle
edema
(retardation if untreated from  a young age)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the method of treatment for hypothyroidism

A 
hormone replacement therapy
Levothyroxine (synthetic T4)
Levothyronine (synthetic T3)
Liotrix (both T3 and T4)
natural thyroid hormones (porcine or bovine T3 and T4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between T3 and T4

A

T3 is the more active form
T4 has a longer half life, has higher plasma concentration and is converted into T3 by Tissue Deiodinase
(T4 has 4 iodine molecules, T3 has 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Synthetic T4 hormone replacement drug

A

levothyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the synthetic T3 drug

A

levothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is liotrix

A

synthetic T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is armour thyroid

A

porcine T3 and T4 used to treat hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is caused by thyroid hormone replacement overdose

A
  • nervousness
  • Tachycardia (risk of angina and complications with epi
  • nausea and diarrhea
  • tremors
  • weight loss
  • heat intolerance
    (all symptoms of hyperthyroidism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • tachycardia
  • anxiety
  • swollen eyes (exopthalmus)
  • heat intolerance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the different causes of primary hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease
thyroid tumors
thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is graves disease

A

an autoimmune disorder with antibodies that serve as agonist to thyroid receptors, causing activation of thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does a tumor of the thyroid cause

A

uncontrolled synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid caused by infection or stress
26
what is a thyroid storm
sudden onset of hyperthyroidism
27
how is hyperthyroidism treated
1. Anti-thyroid drugs (thioamides) 2. Radioactive Iodine 3. Thyroidectomy 4. B-Blockers (thyroiditis)
28
How do Anti-thyroid (thioamides) drugs work
by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis | they irreversibly bind to thyroid peroxidase (which breaks down iodine and attaches it to tyrosine)
29
What are the names of common anti-thyroid drugs (thioamides)
propylthiouracil | methimazole
30
What are the adverse affects of anti-thyroid drugs
rash nausea agranulocytosis
31
how does radioactive iodine work for hyperthyroidism
it can be used in imaging purposes to visualize where iodine is being taken up it also can be used to destroy thyroid cells or cancer cells in the thyroid that are causing hyperthyroidism
32
should the taking of thyroid drugs be abruptly stopped
no
33
What are the hormones produced by the adrenal gland
``` Medulla = epi and norepi cortex = mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) = glucocorticoids (cortisol) = androgens (testosterone) ```
34
What is adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and what does it do
the anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
35
how is ACTH used as a diagnostic tool
it is given then the amount of cortisol produced is evaluated. it indicates the capacity of the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
36
What are the two main diseases associated with the adrenal cortex
addisons disease and cushings disease
37
what is addisons disease
adrenal insufficiency = lack of all adrenal hormones
38
what is cushings disease
hypercortisolism
39
What is the cause of addisons disease
usually autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands
40
what is the method of treatment for addisons disease
hormone replacement therapy 1 - cortisone/hydrocortisone = glucocorticoid 2 - fludrocortisone = mineralocorticoid
41
What are glucocorticoids used for
``` 1 - asthma 2 - anti-inflammation 3- collagen/connective tissue diseases 4 - rheumatic diseases 5 - some lymphomas and leukemias 6 - cerebral edema 7 - acute MS attacks ```
42
How can glucocorticoids be administered
topically, eye drops, nasal spray, tablet, liquid, IV, inhalation
43
what are the adverse affects of glucocorticoids
- insomnia - infections - skin and muscle atrophy - hypertension, atherosclerosis - osteoporosis - weight gain - hyperglycemia - cataracts and glaucoma (cushings syndrome in cases of overdose)
44
Why are topical/nasal spray/inhaled glucocorticoids used before oral and IV
because they are lower doses and less likely to have adverse effects
45
What are the actions of glucocorticoids
1. raise plasma glucose | 2. anti-inflammatory
46
how do glucocorticoids raise plasma glucose
1. decrease glucose uptake 2. stimulate gluconeogenesis 3. stimulate lipolysis
47
how do glucocorticoids act as anti-inflammatory
inhibit NF-KB, macrophages, and phospholipase A2
48
What is the suffix for corticoids (gluco- and mineralo-)
isone | olone
49
When are corticosteroids used in dentistry
when patients suffer from immune based oral pathology (erosive lichen planus, pemphigus, etc) or in cases of acute allergic reactions
50
What are the things to remember when prescribing glucocorticoids
1. topical is preferred over systemic 2. if using systemic use short term high dose instead of long term low dose 3. take in the AM to mimic natural cycle 4. take on alternate days if possible 5. gradually increase and decrease dose
51
What is the most common reason for estrogen use as a medication
in post-menopausal women as hormone replacement
52
what are common estrogens/progestins
1. estradiol (Estrace) 2. conjugated estrogens (premarin) 3. estropipate (Ogen)
53
What makes up oral contraceptives
a combination of estrogen and progestin
54
what is the oral contraceptive "minipill"
progestin only
55
what is the emergency contraceptive or Plan B
Levnorgestrel
56
What is the primary side effect of oral contraceptives
increased risk of thromboembolism
57
What are metandren and halotestin
methyltestosterone = metandren fluoxymesterone = halotestin testosterone replacement drugs
58
what is sildenafil
viagra
59
What is the primary source of energy for a cell in the body
glucose
60
where is excess glucose stored, and what is it stored as
in the liver as glycogen
61
what does glucagon do
starts the process of glycogenolysis
62
what causes glucagon to be secreted
low blood glucose levels
63
where is glucagon released from
alpha cells in the pancreas
64
what is insulin
the hormone that causes the uptake of glucose into cells (including storage into fat cells) and causes glycogenesis in the liver
65
where causes the secretion of insulin
high blood glucose levels
66
where is insulin secreted from
beta cells in the pancreas
67
What is normal blood glucose levels
80-100 mg/dl
68
What is the diagnostic level for diabetes
FASTING blood glucose of 126 mg/dl or higher
69
What is diabetes mellitus
chronic hyperglycemia
70
what are the base causes of diabetes mellitus
1. inadequate insulin secretion 2. abnormal insulin target responsiveness 3. both
71
What is type 1 diabetes mellitus
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells = inadequate or no insulin secretion often childhood onset
72
what are the clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes
1. polyuria 2. polydipsia 3. polyphagia 4. weight loss 5. fatigue 6. glucosuria 7. vaginal yeast infection
73
What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes
insulin therapy
74
What are the different insulin preparations
Rapid acting - Aspart (novolog) Lispro (humalog) short acting - Novolog Mix, Humulin R intermediate - Novolin NPH, Humulin N Prolonged - Humulin U, Glargine, Detemir
75
What is the most difficult problem for type 1 diabetics
knowing the right dose and the right time to take the dose
76
what is the effect of incretins on insulin
stimulates insulin secretion
77
when and from where are incretins secreted
from the small intestine when food is being absorbed
78
What are the functions of insulin
1. increase glucose uptake by most insulin sensitive cells 2. enhance glucose usage and storage in cells 3. enhance amino acid utilization 4. promote fat synthesis
79
What is diabetic ketoacidosis
when the body can't utilize glucose due to insufficient insulin it breaks down ketones for fuel. if untreated it can lower blood ph which can lead to coma and death
80
what is the characteristic sign of ketoacidosis
fruity breath smell (from acetone)
81
What is happens on an insulin overdose
hypoglycemia (can lead to shock and even death)
82
What is the diagnostic level for hypoglycemia
below 50mg/dl
83
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
Shakiness, dizziness, sweating, hunger, headache, pale skin, sudden moodiness, confusion, tingling sensation around the mouth
84
what to do for hypoglycemia
give sugar, juice, glucagon
85
What is type II diabetes
when a patient has normal plasma insulin levels (or slightly high) but has high blood glucose levels (>126 mg/dl). blood glucose levels stay high longer than normal. suggesting that insulin function is decreased
86
What is an A1c test
a test used to monitor glucose control of diabetes over time (gives an average of blood glucose over a 4 month period)
87
what is a healthy A1c score
4-5.9 | blood glucose would be 60 - 100
88
What are the different drug classes used in type II diabetes
insulin secretagogues (increase insulin output) Biguanides (decrease glucose production in liver) Thiazolidinediones (decrease insulin resistance) a-Glucosidase inhibitor (delays carb absorption) GLP-1 receptor agonists (sitmulate insulin secretion)
89
Along with medications what is done to treat type II diabetes
diet, exercise, smoking cessation, monitoring of blood glucose levels
90
What are the insulin secretagogues (increase insulin output) drugs
``` glimiperide glipizide glyburide repaglinide nateglinide ```
91
what are the Biguanides drugs and what do they do
metformin | decrease glucose production in liver
92
What are the Thiazolidinediones and what do they do
rosiglitasone poiglitasone (decrease insulin resistance)
93
What are the a-Glucosidase inhibitor drugs and what do they do
acarbose miglitol (delays carb absorption)
94
what are the GLP-1 receptor agonists and what do they do
Exenatide liraglutide Incretin mimics (stimulate insulin secretion from pancreas)

Pharmacology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions