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Biology 1 (Molecules) > 2. Genetics > Flashcards

2. Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA methylation

A

addition of extra methyl group to cytosine
wound more tightly
less gene expression

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2
Q

DNA acetylation

A

addition of acetyl group
increases transcription

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3
Q

initiation (transcription)

A

beginning of transcription
transcription factors identify the promoter on the DNA strand

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4
Q

promoter

A

sequence of DNA nucleotides that says beginning of transcription

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5
Q

RNA polymerase

A

major enzyme of transcription

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6
Q

elongation (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase transcribes one strand of DNA into complementary RNA strand

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7
Q

direction RNA polymerase moves

A

3’ to 5’

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8
Q

direction new RNA is built

A

5’ to 3’

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9
Q

termination (transcription)

A

termination sequence is reached and transcription ends

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10
Q

coding strand

A

resembles new RNA stranf

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11
Q

template strand

A

complementary to new RNA strand

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12
Q

describe lac operon

A

codes for enzymes that allow E.coli to metabolize lactose when glucose is not present
activated when glucose is scarce and lactose is present
low glucose - high cAMP
cAMP activates CAP
CAP binds to CAP site, activating promoter
when lactose not present, lac repressor binds to operator site prevents transcription of lac genes
when lactose is present, it binds to lac repressor, preventing it from binding to operator site

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13
Q

5’ cap

A

post-transcriptional
end is capped using GTP
serves as attachment site in protein synthesis
protects against degradation

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14
Q

poly-A tail

A

post-transcriptional
addition of long series of adenines
aids in export of RNA to cytoplasm

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15
Q

snRNPs

A

involved in splicing
recognize nucleotide sequence at end of intron
form the lariat

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16
Q

splicesome

A

removes introns

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17
Q

where do post-transcriptional modifications take place?

A

nucleus

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18
Q

stop codons

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

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19
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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20
Q

free floating ribosomes synthesize proteins destined for the…

A

cytosol

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21
Q

signal recognition particle

A

recognizes signal peptide on polypeptide and carries the ribosome complex to the ER

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22
Q

anticodon

A

binds to complementary codon on the mRNA for protein translation

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23
Q

initiation (translation)

A

a tRNA sequesters methionine and settles into the P site signalling ribosome to join complex

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24
Q

elongation (translation)

A

ribosome slides down the mRNA strand 5’ to 3’
matches mRNA codons to tRNA codons
AA attached to tRNA get bound together using peptidyl transferase

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25
termination (translation)
when stop codon reaches A site
26
A site (ribosome)
anticodon matches with codon so that AA is chosen
27
P site (ribosome)
peptide bond between AAs is formed to lengthen polypeptide
28
E site (ribosome)
tRNA (free of AA) exits the cell
29
where does DNA replication begin on a chromosome?
origin of replication towards the centre of the chromosome
30
DNA helicase
unwinds the double helix
31
DNA polymerase
synthesizes new DNA strands by pairing free-floating deoxynucleotides with the ones on the existing strands of DNA
32
primase
creates RNA primer to initiate the strand
33
promoter vs primer
transcription requires promoter, replication requires primer promoter is spot on DNA that tells RNA polymerase where to start transcription primer is short piece of RNA that jump starts replication
34
DNA polymerase reads parental strand in ... direction
3' to 5'
35
complementary DNA strand is created in ... direction
5' to 3'
36
lagging strand
interrupted strand in DNA replication
37
leading strand
uninterrupted strand in DNA replication
38
DNA ligase
joins Okazaki fragments
39
steps of DNA replication
1. helicase unzips double helix 2. primase builds primer 3. DNA polymerase assembles leading and lagging strands 4. RNAse H removes primers 5. DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together
40
is gene expression down or up-regulated during mitosis?
down-regulated
41
prophase
condensation of chromatin into chromosomes sister chromatids are joined together by centromeres centrosomes and centrioles move to opposite poles of cell defined nucleus disappears spindle apparatus appears
42
metaphase
chromosomes align along equator
43
anaphase
sister chromatids split and are pulled apart cytokenesis
44
telephase
nuclear membrane reforms chromosomes de-condense two identical daughter cells
45
mutagen
physical or chemical agents which cause damage to DNA, increase frequency of mutations
46
gene mutation
alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides in a single gene
47
chromosomal mutation
structure of chromosome is changed
48
silent mutation
amino acid sequence is unchanged because codon still codes for same AA despite point mutation
49
missense mutation
base substitution changes a codon, translation of different AA can be neutral
50
frameshift mutation
occurs when addition or deletion is not in group of three
51
chromosomal deletion
portion of chromosome breaks off or is lost during recombination
52
chromosomal duplication
DNA fragment breaks free of one chromosome and incorporates into homologous chromosome
53
chromosome reciprocal translocation
segment from one chromosome is exchanged for segment on another
54
chromosome inversion
orientation of a section of DNA is reversed on the chromosome
55
transposon
can excise themself from a chromosome and reinsert in another location
56
how does DNA repair occur?
DNA polymerase corrects mismatched pairs of nucleotides during replication
57
oncogene
converted from proto-oncogene by mutagen to become cancer gene
58
gene linkage
when genes are physically located near each other on a chromosome they are more likely to cross over together (inherited together)
59
non-disjunction
the centromere of a chromosome does not split during anaphase 1 or 2 one cell has two extra chromatids and one cell will be missing them
60
locus
position on chromosome
61
allele
each gene contributes one which code for a specific outcome of the trait
62
complete dominance
dominant allele masks expression of recessive allele
63
law of segregation
alleles segregate independently of each other when forming gametes during meiosis any gamete is equally likely to possess any allele
64
penetrance
probability of gene (allele) being expressed if it is present in complete dominance, penetrance if dominant allele is 100%
65
expressivity
the degree of expression of a certain trait
66
incomplete dominance
expression from dominant and recessive alleles (pink rose)
67
co-dominant
both phenotypes are exhibited (AB blood type)
68
Hardy-Weinberg equilibirum
no net change in population genetics
69

Biology 1 (Molecules) (4 decks)

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