2. Governing movement

Question 1

What does the,

1. Nervous system
2. Muscular system
3. Skeletal system

consist of?

Answer 1

1. Brain and spinal cord (master controller)
2. Fascia which envelops the 650 skeletal muscles (active system)
3. 206 bones (passive system)

Question 2

What is fasciae? and what does it do?

Answer 2

Biological fabric that holds us together.

Web/matrix that provides structure and support, but also flexibility to slide, glide and transmit forces

Question 3

What are the 6 movement patterns - provide examples

Answer 3

1. Squat - squat
2. Bend/hinge - deadlift
3. 1 leg/lunge/fair - lunge
4. Push - press up
5. Pull - cable row
   6: Rotate - lunge with rotation

Question 4

How is the skeleton divided? and what is in each?

Answer 4

1. Axial skeleton (centre)
skull
hyped and auditory ossicle
vertebral column
sternum 
ribs

2. Appendicular skeleton (appendages) 
shoulder girdles - scapulas and clavicle
upper limbs
pelvic hip girdle - ilium, ischium, pubis
lower limbs

Question 5

How is the spinal column divided?

Answer 5

7 cerivical vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal

Question 6

Which sections of spine are separated by intervertebral disks?

Answer 6

The first 3

Question 7

Which parts of the spine are fused?

Answer 7

Last 2

5 sacral = fused to form sacrum
4 coccygeal = fused to form coccyx

Question 8

What’s the name for:

1. Outward curve of the thoracic spine
2. Inward curve of the lumbar spine
3. Lateral deviation of the spine

and what affect might these have on someone exercising?

Answer 8

1. Kyphosis
2. Lordosis
3. Scoliosis

Alter centre of gravity - effects balance, ROM and stability

Question 9

What are the anterior and posterior spinal ligaments for?

Answer 9

Anterior: maintains stability of joints between vertebral bodies - prevent hyperextension.

Posterior: weaker and prevent hyperflexion.

Question 10

What is a vertebra made up of?

Answer 10

Spinal canal (where chord runs)

2x facet joints on each side which connect to adjacent vertebrae and the cartilaginous discs between each pair of vertebrae.

Question 11

What movement will increase the rounded nature of the thoracic spine (greater kyphosis)

Answer 11

Movement of the shoulder girdle

Question 12

What are the 
physical, 
metabolic, 
training positives and 
negatives of:

1. Ectomorphs
2. Endomorphs
3. Mesomorphs

Answer 12

1. Ectomorph
tall and thin
fast metabolism
weight loss and long distance
slow muscle gains 

2. Endomorph
strong bones and rounded
slow metabolism
quick muscle gains
hard to loose weight

3. Mesomorph 
athletic appearance
gain and loose weight easily
good response to resistance and aerobic 
successful results, but can overtrain

Question 13

How many bones are we born with and how many do we have by adulthood?

Answer 13

270-350 which fuse to make 206

Question 14

What are bones made up of? %

Answer 14

50-70% mineral
20-40% organic matrix
5-10% water
3% lipids

Question 15

How many bones in the axial vs appendicular skeleton?

Answer 15

Axial - 80

Appendicular - 126

Question 16

What 4 functions does the skeletal system have?

Answer 16

1. Movement
2. Production - all RBCs and platelets, 60-70% of white cells.
3. Storage - mineral salts, store marrow
4. Protection - protects organs

Question 17

Which part of the spine are lordotic vs kyphotic?

Answer 17

Cervical - Lordotic
Thoracic - Kyphotic
Lumbar - Lordotic
Sacral and coccygeal - Kyphotic

Question 18

How many pairs of ribs do we have and how are they attatched?

Answer 18

12 pairs

1-7 attatch to sternum.
8-10 hyaline cartilage attatched to sternum.
11-12 floating.

Question 19

What is the shoulder (pectoral) girdle made up of?

Answer 19

Scapula (1 each side)
Clavicle (1 each side)
AC joint (clavicle and acromonion meet)
Glenohumeral joint (scapula and humours meet)
2-7 ribs

Question 20

How is the scapula held in place?

Answer 20

Not directly attatch to ribs, it is held in place by 17 stabilising muscles

Question 21

What is the forearm consist of?

Answer 21

Radius (1 each side) (thumb side)

Ulna (1 each side) (little finger side)

Question 22

What are the hands made up of?

Answer 22

1 hand:

Phalanges x14 (proximal, medial and distal rows)
Metacarpals x 5
Carpals x 8

NB: Double for total

Question 23

What is the pelvic girdle made up of?

Answer 23

Illium - Biggest with flat surface
Public - Front
Ischium - Sitting bones
Sacrum - Middle

Question 24

What does the leg consist of?

Answer 24

Femur - Head fits into hip socket
Patella - sits within quads tendon
Tibia - Weight briefing forms knee joint
Fibula - non weight bearing, not knee joint

Question 25

What are the feet made up of?

Answer 25

1 foot: Phalanges x14 Metatarsals x 5 Tarsals x 7 NB: double for 2 feet

Question 26

``` Name examples of a: 1. Long bone 2. Flat bone 3. Short bone 4. Sesamoid bone Irregular bone 5. Sutural bone ```

Answer 26

1. Upper and lower limbs. 2. Skull, thoracic cage, pelvis. 3. Wrist and ankle joints. 4. Tendons of hands, knees, feet, patella. 5. Fasciae bones and vertebrae. 6. Cranium.

Question 27

What is the bones structure?

Answer 27

Bony tissue made up of osteocytes (bone cells) Collagen and calcium phosphate (flexibility) in long strands/bundles. Coretex - smooth exterior layer of bone.

Question 28

Is internal bone solid?

Answer 28

No it’s honeycomb - cancellous or trabecular bone - varies depending on location/role. E.g Vertebra - thin cortices for compressive forces Femurs - thick cortices for torsional forceps.

Question 29

What is the: 1. Epiphysis 2. Diaphysis 3. Metaphysic 4. Periosteum 5. Modular cavity 6. Endosteum

Answer 29

1. Expanded portion at end of bone (with growth plate) 2. Shaft of bone. 3. Between ephipysis and diaphysis. (1+2) 4. Fibrous fasciae sheath covering bone. 5. Hollow cavity in centre of compact bone. 6. Membrane that lines the cavity.

Question 30

What are joints, how many are there and what are the 3 types?

Answer 30

Junctions between bones that allow motion. 320. Fibirous. Cartilaginous. Synovial.

Question 31

What are the main differences between the 3 joint types?

Answer 31

Fibrous - immovable Cartilaginous - Slightly movable Synovial - Freely movable

Question 32

What are the 6 types of synovial joints - with examples.

Answer 32

1. Hinge - phalanges, ulna, humorous, femur, tibia 2. Ball and Socket - hip and shoulder 3. Pivot - atlas and axis (under skull) and forearm and upper arm. 4. Gliding/plane - metacarpal and in between clavicle and scapular. 5. Saddle - carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. 6. Condyloid/ellipsoid - in between radius and carpus.

Question 33

What is the structure of a synovial joint?

Answer 33

Fibrous joint capsule (continuous with periosteum of bones) Joint cavity Synovial membrane (which secrets synovial fluid) Joint cartilage (covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage which lines epiphysis of bone)

Question 34

What are 3 categories of fascial web?

Answer 34

1. Cartilage hyaline - covers bone ends to form joints. elastic - elastic and springy. fibro - thick and strong shock absorber. 2. Ligaments connect bone to bone. 3. Tendons connect muscle to bone through layers of fascia.

Question 35

What are the ``` short term (direct) short term (indirect) long term ``` effects of exercise on the bones?

Answer 35

Short term direct - smoothed joint articulation as synovial fluid is secreted by membrane Short term indirect - Heightens ease of motion in other tissues. Long term - Bone size and density improves, more mineral salts and collagenous fibres, more testosterone.

Question 36

What is: 1. Flexion/Extension 2. Lateral flexion/extension 3. Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion 4. Inversion/eversion 5. Hyperextension 6. Abduction/addiction 7. Opposition 8. Elevation/Depression 9. . Supination/Pronation 10. Circumspection 11. Medial/Lateral rotation 12. Retraction/Protraction

Answer 36

1. Decrease angle (move away anatomical)/ Increase angle (return) 2. Decrease angle in spine / Increase angle in spine 3. Decrease angle between anterior surfaces of metatarsals (flexing foot) / Increase angle (pointing toes) 4. Feet turned inward/outward. 5. Increase angle beyond normal range. 6. Away from midline / toward midline. 7. Bring tip thumb across each finger. 8. Raise a joint / pull joint down (return from elev.) 9. Palm up / palm down 10. Distal ends of bone move in circle. 11. Rotate toward midline/away from midline. 12. Move a part backward / forward (bring shoulder forward)

Question 37

What are the 3 axes joints can rotate around?

Answer 37

1. Mediolatarel - side to side 2. Longitudinal - up and down 3. Anterior-Posterior - front and back

Question 38

What axese does the body rotate around on the: 1. Sagittal 2. Transverse 3. Frontal planes?

Answer 38

1. Mediolateral (somersaults) 2. Longitudinal (ballet pirouettes) 3. Anterior-Posteriour (cartwheels)

Question 39

What is a 1. Uniaxial/unianar joint 2. Biaxial/biplanes joint 3. Multiplanar/teiaxial joint examples for each.

Answer 39

1. Rotates on 1 axis, so movement on 1 plane - eg. bicep curl 2. Rotates 2 axes allowing movement on 2 planes - single leg squat 3. Rotates 3 axes and movement on 3 planes - swimming