6. Cardiorespiratory system

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

The sum of all biochemical reactions to maintain the living state of the cells

Question 2

What is homeostasis?

Answer 2

The way the body maintains itself and returns to stability

Question 3

What is catbolism / anabolism?

Answer 3

Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain compounds (energy releasing)

Anabolism - the sysntheis of all compounds needed by cells (energy consuming)

Question 4

The heart is a ___ ____ pumping system. The ___ ___ contract whilst the ____ ___ and vice versa.

Answer 4

The heart is a double action pumping system. The 2 atria contract whilst the ventricles relax, and vice versa.

Question 5

What is the name of heart balances which stiffen and narrow from infection/wear and tear?

Answer 5

Stenosis

Question 6

Which ventricle has a thicker muscular wall and why?

Answer 6

The left ventricle - as blood pumped more forcefully to the muscles

Question 7

Note the differences in percentages of inhaled and exhaled air -

Nitrogen -
Oxygen -
CO2
Trace -

Answer 7

Nitrogen - 79% - stays the same
Oxygen - 21%/17% - 5% decrease
CO2 - <1%/4% - 4% increase
Trace - 0.001% - stays the same

Question 8

Note the 7 step journey of inspiration

Answer 8

1. Nostrils (air filtered through nasal cavity)
2. Nasopharynx and Oropharynx (swallow and ventilation channels)
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Left and right bronchi
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli

(reversed on exhalation)

Question 9

What are the Origin, insertion and action of the

1. Intercostals (external)
2. Intercostals (internal)

Answer 9

1. External
   Origin: Inferior borders first 11 ribs
   Insertion: Superior borders of rib
   Action: Elevates and spreads ribs on exhale
2. Internal
   Origin: Superior border 2-12 ribs
   Insertion: Lumbar vertebrae, cartilage of ribs 7-10 and 11-12
   Action: Contracts and flatten on inhale

Question 10

Where are the lungs located (rib wise)

Answer 10

1st- 6th/7th rib

Question 11

How many litres of air do the lungs contain?

Answer 11

1

Question 12

When at rest, how much air flows in/out respiratory passage? and what is this called?

Answer 12

500ml - Tidal volume

Question 13

What’s the average respiratory rate?

Answer 13

12 breaths a minute

Question 14

How do we work out ventilation?

Answer 14

Tidal volume x Breaths per minute

Question 15

How do we work out total lung capacity and what is the average?

Answer 15

Residual volume + Vital capacity

Average: 6L

Question 16

What is our breathing rate controlled by?

Answer 16

RespirotRy centres in brain respond to changes in blood concentration - CO2 levels

Question 17

How does oxygen enter the blood strewn/CO2 exit (internal)?

Answer 17

At the respiratory membrane (where alveolar and capillary walls meet) gases move across memberane.

Blood is oxygenated and co2 is removed.

Question 18

What has a thin wall (1 cell thick) so gassed can diffuse?

Answer 18

Alveoli and capillaries

Question 19

Describe blood flow

1. Pulmonary
2. Systemic

Answer 19

1. Pulmonary (blood from heart to lungs)
From body 
Right atrium 
Right Venteicle
Pulmonary arteries
Alcoholic 
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium 
Left ventricle
To body 

2. Systemic (blood from heart to rest of body)
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Body tissues
Vanae Cavae
Right Atrium
Right ventricle

Question 20

Which atrium recurved the deoxygenated blood from the body and through which valve?

Answer 20

Right atrium recieves deoxygenated through vanae cavae

Question 21

Which valve pushes blood to the lungs for oxygenisation?

Answer 21

Semilunar (pulmonary)

Question 22

What is the role of bloody?

4

Answer 22

1. Transports nutrients, horemones, enzymes, waste
2. Regulates body temp and pH levels
3. Prevents fluid loss as clotting
   Protects against foreign microbes and toxins

Question 23

What makes up the blood %

Answer 23

Plasma 55%
Erythrocytes (RBC) 45%
Leukocytes (WBCs) and platlets <1%

Question 24

What’s the differences between RBCs and WBCs?

Answer 24

RBC- Transport oxygen to tissue, 240 million in drop of blood, contains haemoglobin

WBC - Defence system for immune system, fewer in quantity, transparent

Question 25

What is blood pressure and how is it measured?

Answer 25

Pressure exerted by blood ok the walls of the arteries to keep the blood circulating Use sphygmomanometer at brachial artery above elbow joint

Question 26

Why are the 2 different blood pressure readings and what do they mean, what’s a normal range?

Answer 26

Systolic - pressure exerted when blood forced out left ventricle into the aorta (110-130 normal) Diastolic - pressure exerted in arteries when left ventricle is relaxed (70-90 normal)

Question 27

Where is blood flow at rest % and how does it differ with exercise?

Answer 27

``` Bone marrow 5% Brain 18% Heart 5% Liver 26% Kidneys 20% Muscles 20% Skin 7% ``` Exercise: Muscles 87%

Question 28

What process causes blood to flow to muscles during exercise?

Answer 28

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction (blood vessels increasing and decreasing in size) to close down areas and divert flow to muscles.

Question 29

What is Cardiac output (Q) Stroke volume

Answer 29

Cardiac output: blood ejected from left ventricle into aorta per minute Stroke volume: multiply blood pumped during each heartbeat Q=SV x HR

Question 30

Arteries carry blood from ___ to ___ | Veins carry blood from ___ to ___

Answer 30

Artistries - heart to other parts | Veins - from other parts to heart

Question 31

Describe difference between arteries and veins blood pressure/thickness/position

Answer 31

Artistries has stronger thicker walls with elastic tissue. Higher blood pressure. Veins are thinner with larger hollows, they are more superficial position

Question 32

What do the cappalieries do?

Answer 32

Connect arteriolies to venules

Question 33

Short term effects of exercise (10)

Answer 33

1. Heart rate 2. Blood flow 3. Oxygen uptake 4. Cardiac output 5. Stroke volume 6. Breathing rate 7. Muscle temp 8. Body temp 9. Lactic acid ...increase 10. Dilation of blood vessels

Question 34

Long term effects exercise (13)

Answer 34

1. Lung efficiency 2. Gaseous exchange 3. Size smooth muscle tissue 4. Miteochonsira 5. Cappilrisation 6. Blood flow 7. Transport oxygen and remove waste 8. Cardiac output 9. Stroke volume ...increase 10. RHR 11. Risk of hypertension 12. Risk of CHD ...decrease 13. Stronger heart

Question 35

What is VO2 Max?

Answer 35

Maximum amount of oxygen via respiratory system, circulated to working muscles via cardiovascular, used to make ATP via muscular system.

Question 36

What is guidelines for heart rate intensity?

Answer 36

55-90%

Question 37

How can you measure sub-max aerobic fitness?

Answer 37

Work 60-90 secs ask borg rating and note number. Every 90 increase effort u til RPE 13 - this is how they should feel in warm up.

Question 38

What do you get if you multiple the borg rating?

Answer 38

Heart rate approx.

Question 39

What RPE should we be at ``` Pulse raiser Movement prep Workout Lower Tissue restoration ```

Answer 39

``` Pulse raiser - up to 13 Movement prep - 13-15 Main - 15-20 Pulse lower - lower to 8 Tissue restore - up to 8 ```