2. Growth and Development Flashcards by Rory Maciver

Jaw relationship at birth (3)

Gum pads widely separated anteriorly
Tongue resting on lower gum pad
Tongue in contact with lower lip

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Characteristics of primary dentition (5)

Incisors upright
Incisors are spaced
Teeth are smaller
Reduced overjet
Whiter in colour than permanent teeth

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Psychology of child development includes (5)

Motor
Cognitive
Perceptual
Language
Social

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Features of motor development (3)

Predictability of early ‘motor milestones’ suggests that it must be genetically programmed
Completed in infancy – changes following the ability to walk are refinements
Hand-eye coordination gradually becomes more precise and elaborate with increasing experience

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Stages of cognitive development (4)

Sensorimotor
Pre-operational thought
Concrete operations
Formal operations

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Features of sensorimotor development (2)

Until about 2 years old

Prime object is object permanence

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Features of pre-operational though development (4)

2-7 years
Allows child to predict outcomes of behaviour
Facilitated by language development
Egocentric
Unable to understand why areas and volumes remain unchanged even though shape and position may change

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Features of concrete operations (4)

7-11 years
Apply logic
Able to see others perspective
Still difficult to think in an abstract manner

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Features of formal operations (2)

From 11 years

Logical abstract thinking, therefore different possibilities for an action can be considered

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Features of perceptual development (3)

It is difficult to know what babies are experience perceptually
Compared to an adult, a child of 6 will cover less of an object, take in less information and become fixated on details
Selective attention by 7 years

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Features of language development (2)

A lack of appropriate stimulation will retard/inhibit a child’s learning, particularly language
A child needs language to be able to think about what he/she sees and hears

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Features of language development of a one year old (3)

Understands - vocabulary of 20 words, simple phrases, relates objects to words
Uses - 2-3 words, repetitive babble, tuneful jargon
Sounds - B, D, M

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Features of language development of a two year old (3)

Understands - simple commands, questions, joins in action songs
Uses - vocabulary of 100 words, puts two words together, echolalia
Sounds - P, T, K, G, N

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Features of language development of a three year old (3)

Understands - prepositions (on, under, etc.), functions of object, simple conversations
Uses - 4-word sentences, what, who, where, relates experiences
Sounds - F, S, L

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Features of language development of a four year old (3)

Understands - colours, numbers, tenses, complex instructions
Uses - long grammatical sentences, relates stories
Sounds - V, Z, Ch, J

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Types of disorders of speech and language (9)

Learning difficulties
Cerebral palsy
Autism
Delayed speech and language development
Head injury
Acquired neurological disorders
Non-fluency
Dysphonia
Craniofacial disorders

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Features of normal speech (2)

Requires competent airway and articulators

Classified by place, manner and voice

Features of cleft type speech (3)

Resonance
Articulation
Nasal emission

Definition of velopharyngeal incompetence, VPI (2)

Failure of the body’s ability to temporarily close the communication between the nasal cavity and the mouth
Due an anatomic dysfunction of the soft palate or of the lateral or posterior wall of the pharynx

Types of cleft treatment (5)

Feeding
Early intervention
Input modelling
Articulation therapy
Communication support

Features of secondary cleft surgery (5)

Nasal revision
Fistula closure
Pharyngoplasty
Alveolar bone graft
Osteotomy

Normal development of feeding skills in an infant pre-40wks (2)

28wks - non-nutritive sucking

34wks - nutritive sucking

Normal development of feeding skills in an infant 0-3mths (5)

Normal oral tone
Rhythmic sucking
Primitive reflexes (gag, rooting, suck/swallow)
Semi-reclined feeding position
Liquid diet

Normal development of feeding skills in an infant 4-6mths (5)

Head control
More control of suck/swallow
Munching
Move towards semi-solid diet
Start babbling

Normal development of feeding skills in an infant 7-9mths (7)

``` Sitting feeding position Mashed consistency Finger food Upper lip involvement Chewing and bolus formation Bite reflex Mouthing ```

Normal development of feeding skills in an infant 10-12mths (5)

``` Lumpy food Sustained bite Active lip closure Chewing - lateralisation Cup drinking ```

Normal development of feeding skills in an infant 24mths

Mature and integrated feeding pattern

Effect of the family unit (5)

Behaviour contagion Well-intended but improper preparation Discuss dental treatment within hearing of the child Enhancing the child’s anxiety Threatening the child with dental treatment

Paediatric assessment involves (6)

``` Pain Past dental history Relevant past medical history Social history Level of understanding and potential cooperation Level of anxiety ```

Components of behaviour management (3)

Communication Education Interaction

Manifestations of anxiety in children (13)

``` (Related to age sex and social class) Thumb-sucking Nose-picking Nail-biting Clumsiness Stuttering Stomach pain Need to go to toilet Headache Dizziness Fidgeting No speech Clinging to parent Hiding ```

Paediatric dentistry children influencing factors (6)

Each child’s own psychological make-up Understanding Emotional development Previous adverse dental/medical experience Attitude and previous experience of family/peer-group The behaviour of the dentist and wider dental team

Components of good dentist-child communication (4)

Improves the information obtained from the patient Enables the dentist to communicate information to the patient Increases the likelihood of patient compliance Decreases patient anxiety

Components of communication (3)

Verbal (5%) Paralinguistic (30%) Non-verbal (65%)

Features of verbal communication (3)

This consists of the actual words the person uses Try to avoid the use of jargon and specific terms that the patient might not understand Children are not small adults. The approach and language used with them can be modified to match their abilities and understanding

Features of paralinguistic communication (2)

This refers to the tone of voice used by the individual Loudness has been one aspect of paralinguistic communication that has been investigated in the dental field with children. It was found issuing commands in a loud voice was more effective than using a normal voice

Features of non-verbal communication (2)

Includes a range of behaviours and environmental factors which we often interpret without conscious awareness Facial expression, gaze, gesture, bodily contact, spatial awareness, clothes (especially PPE)

Role of dentist in reducing child anxiety (7)

``` Preventing pain Being friendly and establishing trust and a rapport Working quickly Having a calm manner Giving moral support Being re-assuring about pain Empathy ```

Examples of increasing fear-related behaviours (5)

``` Ignoring or denying feelings Inappropriate reassurance Coercing/coaxing Humiliating Losing your patience with the patient ```

Links between pain and anxiety (2)

Anxious subjects are more likely than non-anxious to report pain This points to the psychological role in pain perception

Influences of pain perception (6)

``` Anxiety Previous experience Expectation Anticipation Communication Control ```