2 - Immunity and the immune system Flashcards

(46 cards)

1
Q

what was the first vaccine and who made it

A

Edward Jenner (“father of immunology”). Used cowpox to vaccinate against the related smallpox virus

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2
Q

Variolation

A

Samples from smallpox pustules were introduced into healthy individual through nose or skin

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3
Q

What is the only disease to have been eradicated through vaccination

A

Smallpox

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4
Q

What is the most effective method for protecting individuals against infections

A

Stimulating immune responses against microbes through vaccination

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5
Q

Immunity

A

mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign

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6
Q

4 functions of the immune response

A
  • Immunological recognition: presence of an infection must be detected
  • Contain infection and if possible, eliminate it, via various immune effector functions
  • Immune regulation limits damage to the host by the immune response to antigen. Failure of this regulation contributes to abnormal
    immune responses and autoimmune diseases
  • The adaptive immune system generates immunological memory
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7
Q

Immunological memory

A

Exposure to an infectious agent produces an immune response that can persist, and protect the host in a subsequent exposure

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8
Q

Levels of defence of the body

A
  • Anatomic barriers (Skin, respiratory epithelium, intestine)
  • Complement/antimicrobial proteins (C3, defensins)
  • Innate immune cells (macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells)
  • Adaptive immunity (B cells/antibodies, T cells)
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9
Q

Innate immunity

A

recognition by preformed, non-specific effectors (natural)

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10
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Stimulated by exposure to pathogens. Capable of adapting
magnitude and defensive capabilities (specific, acquired)

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11
Q

Examples of innate immunity cells

A
  • Epithelial barriers
  • Mast cells
  • Phagocytes
  • Dendritic cells
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12
Q

Examples of adaptive immunity cells

A
  • B lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • T lymphocytes and effector T cells
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13
Q

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A

Give rise to red and white blood cells

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14
Q

First division of HSCs

A

Myleoid/erythroid progenitor and lymphoid progenitor, then cells with progressively more limited potential

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15
Q

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins

A

Affect differentiation and maturation

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16
Q

Platelets

A

Involved in blood clotting and inflammation

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17
Q

Mast cells

A

Release of granules containing histamine and active agents

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18
Q

Eosinophils

A

Killing of antibody coated parasites

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19
Q

Neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

20
Q

Basophil

A

Function in inflammatory events and allergies

21
Q

Macrophage

A

Ingest and kill foreign cells, participants in immune reactions

22
Q

Dendritic cell

A

Process foreign matter and present it to lymphocytes

23
Q

B cells

A
  • Each B cell expresses a B cell receptor (BCR, membrane bound immunoglobulin) with a unique specificity (identical antigen binding sites)
  • Activated B cells can act as professional antigen presenting cells (APC) (present antigen and co-stimulatory molecules to T cells)
23
Q

Effector B cells

A

Plasma cells (antibodies producing cells)

24
T cells
- Each T cell expresses a T cell receptor (TCR) - Recognises only processed pieces of antigens bound to cell membrane proteins - Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules
25
Three types of T cells
- Helper T lymphocyte - Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) - Regulatory T lymphocyte
26
Effect of helper T lymphocytes
- Activation of macrophages - Inflammation - Activation of B lymphocytes
27
Effect of CTL
Killing of infected cell
28
Effect of regulatory T lymphocyte
Suppression of other lymphocytes
29
What do Red and white blood cells arise from
stem cells in bone marrow
30
Where do B and T cells differentiate
- B cells: bone marrow - T cells: Thymus (primary lymphoid organs)
31
Where do haematopoietic stem cells originate
foetal tissues and, in adults, reside primarily in the bone marrow of the axial skeleton
32
Functions of bone marrow
- Production of blood cells - Maintenance of HSCs - Modulation of skeletal remodelling
33
Thymus
- Thymocytes develop in the bone marrow mature in the thymus, and become T cells - T cells migrate to peripheral lymphoid organs, where they can be activated - Atrophy (degeneration) begins at puberty and continues throughout life (lower immunity in elderly)
34
Where are lymph nodes located
Along lymphatic vessels (drains lymph from tissues back to the circulation
35
What brings antigens to lymph nodes
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) via lymphatics
36
Lymph nodes
- Naïve lymphocytes (which have not yet encountered antigen) circulating the blood enter the lymph node and are activated by antigen presenting cells
37
Spleen
- Trap and respond to blood borne antigens - Antigens and lymphocytes are carried into the spleen via the splenic artery (not by lymphatic vessels)
38
Spleen red pulp
Sinuses containing macrophages that phagocytose aged/abnormal erythrocytes and remove microorganisms from the bloodstream
39
Spleen white pulp
- Lymphoid tissue arranged around central arterioles - B-cell follicles and periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), which is populated by T cells
40
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Includes: - GALT (Gut associated lymphoid tissue) - BALT (Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue) - NALT (Nasal associated lymphoid tissue) - SALT (Skin associated lymphoid tissue)
41
Autoimmune diseases
Diseases against self
42
Hypersensitivity diseases
Abnormal immune responses
43
Myeloid lineage cells
- Neutrophil - Eosinophil - Basophil - Macrophage - Dendritic cell - Mast cell
44
Lymphoid lineage cells
- B and T cells - Innate lymphoid cells (including natural killer cells)
45
Secondary lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissues associated with mucosa