2 - Inflammation

Question 1

What activates TLR?

Answer 1

PAMP

Question 2

TLR activation results in up regulation of …, which activates immune response genes leading to production of multiple …?

Answer 2

NFKB; immune mediators

Question 3

Inflammasomes sense dead cell products –> activates … –> which activates … –> resulting in …

Answer 3

caspase-1; IL-1; Leukocyte Recruitment

Question 4

What are the cell-derived mediators of Acute Inflammation?

Answer 4

AA metabolites, Masts Cells, Cytokines, NO

Question 5

What are the plasma-protein derived mediators of Acute Inflammation?

Answer 5

Complement, and Hageman Factor

Question 6

AA is released from the phospholipid cell membrane by …

Answer 6

phospholipase A2

Question 7

AA is acted upon by what?

Answer 7

cyclooxygenase OR 5-lipoxygenase

Question 8

AA Metabolites: What does Cyclooxygenase produce?

Answer 8

Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

Question 9

AA Metabolites: What PGs mediate vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?

Answer 9

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2

Question 10

AA Metabolites: What also mediates pain and fever?

Answer 10

PGE2

Question 11

AA Metabolites: What inhibits platelet aggregation?

Answer 11

PGI2

Question 12

AA Metabolites: What causes vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation?

Answer 12

TXA2

Question 13

AA Metabolites: What does 5-lipoxygenase produce?

Answer 13

Leukotrienes (LT)

Question 14

AA Metabolites: What attracts (chemotaxis) and activates neutrophils?

Answer 14

LTB4

Question 15

AA Metabolites: What are slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis; mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability?

Answer 15

LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4

Question 16

AA Metabolites: What inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion?

Answer 16

Lipoxins

Question 17

What do Corticosteroids (cortisones, prednisone) inhibit?

Answer 17

Phospholipase

Question 18

What do NSAIDS inhibit?

Answer 18

COX

Question 19

What is expressed in most tissues and increased during inflammation?

Answer 19

COX-1

Question 20

What is absent from most normal tissues and is induced during inflammation?

Answer 20

COX-2

Question 21

What are the COX-1 inhibitors? (3)

Answer 21

aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve)

Question 22

What is the COX-2 inhibitor?

Answer 22

Celebrex

Question 23

What are Lipoxygenase inhibitors (Singular) used to treat?

Answer 23

Asthma

Question 24

What 3 things activate Mast Cells?

Answer 24

1. tissue trauma
2. C3a and C5a
3. cross-linking of IgE by antigen

Question 25

The Immediate Response of Mast Cells involves the release of what?

Answer 25

histamine granules

Question 26

The Delayed Response of Mast Cells involves production of what?

Answer 26

AA metabolites, particularly LT (prolong the inflammatory response over hrs)

Question 27

What Cytokines are the Acute Inflammation major players and what is their main role?

Answer 27

TNF, IL-1, IL-6 | endothelial cell activation

Question 28

What Cytokines are the Chronic Inflammation major players?

Answer 28

INF-g, IL-12

Question 29

What is an example of a Chemokine = cytokine that acts as chemotactic agents for various inflammatory cells?

Answer 29

IL-8

Question 30

What Cytokines exhibit negative feedback to downregulate inflammation?

Answer 30

IL-10, TGF-B

Question 31

All Complement pathways result in production of what, which in turn, produces what?

Answer 31

C3 convertase --> C5 convertase

Question 32

C5b complexes with C6-C9 to form what?

Answer 32

MAC (membrane attack complex)

Question 33

Complement: What triggers mast cell degranulation?

Answer 33

C3a, C5a

Question 34

Complement: chemotactic for neutrophils?

Answer 34

C5a

Question 35

Complement: opsonin for phagocytosis?

Answer 35

C3b

Question 36

Complement: lyses microbes by creating a hole in the cell membrane?

Answer 36

MAC

Question 37

Hageman Factor (Factor XII) is produced in the liver, and activated upon exposure to sub endothelial or tissue ...

Answer 37

collagen

Question 38

Hageman Factor: activates Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Systems, Complement, and ...

Answer 38

Kinin System

Question 39

Hageman Factor: What does Kinin do?

Answer 39

cleaves HMWK --> bradykinin

Question 40

Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation: Redness and Warmth, due to vasodilation, occurs via relaxation of arteriolar sm; what are the key mediators?

Answer 40

histamine, PGs, bradykinin

Question 41

Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation: What mediates Pain (dolor)?

Answer 41

Bradykinin and PGE2, sensitize sensory nerve endings

Question 42

Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation: What causes Fever?

Answer 42

Pyrogens and increased PGE2

Question 43

Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation - Fever: Pyrogens cause macrophages to release what, which increase COX activity in perivascular cells of the hypothalamus

Answer 43

IL-1, TNF

Question 44

What is the hallmark cell of acute inflammation?

Answer 44

neutrophils

Question 45

Rolling: what is P-selectin mediated by?

Answer 45

histamine

Question 46

Rolling: What induces E-selectin?

Answer 46

TNF, IL-1

Question 47

What do Selectins bind to that results in rolling of leukocytes along vessel wall?

Answer 47

sialyl-Lewis X

Question 48

What are the Cellular adhesion molecules?

Answer 48

ICAM and VCAM

Question 49

Adhesion: what become high affinity and are unregulated by C5a and LTB4?

Answer 49

Integrins

Question 50

Interaction of what results in firm adhesion of leukocytes to the vessel wall?

Answer 50

CAMs and integrins

Question 51

Transmigration and Chemotaxis: Neutrophils are attracted by what bacterial products?

Answer 51

IL-8, C5a, LTB4

Question 52

Phagocytosis: is enhances by what opsonins?

Answer 52

IgG and C3b

Question 53

Chronic Granulation Disease is characterized by poor O2 dependent killing, due to what defect?

Answer 53

NADPH oxidase defect (X-linked or autosomal recessive)

Question 54

What test is used to screen for CGD?

Answer 54

Nitroblue tetrazolium

Question 55

What predominate after neutrophils and peak 2-3 days after inflammation begins?

Answer 55

Macrophages

Question 56

What from macrophages recruits additional neutrophils?

Answer 56

IL-8

Question 57

What kind of Inflammation is due to burn or viral infection, tend to be watery?

Answer 57

Serous inflammation

Question 58

What kind of inflammation is common in bacterial infections

Answer 58

Purulent or suppurative inflammation

Question 59

What kind of inflammation is rich in fibrin which makes it sticky, covering called a pseudomembrane; noted when inflammation occurs in a body cavity?

Answer 59

Fibrinous Inflammation

Question 60

Classical Pathway - Macrophage Activation: induced by microbial products (LPS), T cell signals, foreign substances and ...

Answer 60

IFN-gamma

Question 61

What induces the Alternative Macrophage Activation Pathway?

Answer 61

IL-4, IL-13 from T cells and other cells

Question 62

In the Alternative Macrophage Activation Pathway macrophages are not actively attacking microbes, instead they help in repair by secreting ... to promote angiogenesis, fibroblast activation, collagen synthesis?

Answer 62

TGF-Beta

Question 63

What produce IFN-gamma stimulate classical pathway for MACs?

Answer 63

Th1 cells

Question 64

What secrete IL-4, IL-13 which activate eosinophils and stimulate alternative pathway for MACs; important in allergic inflammation and in defense against parasites?

Answer 64

Th2 cells

Question 65

What secrete IL-17 recruits PMNs and monocytes?

Answer 65

Th17 cells

Question 66

Found in inflammatory sites around parasitic infections and associated with Ig-E mediated immune reactions (allergies)

Answer 66

Eosinophils