4 - Infectious Granulomatous Disease

Question 1

When Prion protein (PrP) changes shape it becomes?

Answer 1

protease resistant

Question 2

What do some viruses (CMV and Herpes) make in infected cells, which cause changes in protein expression?

Answer 2

inclusion bodies

Question 3

What infect bacteria and can influence disease by encoding bacterial virulence factors (adhesions, toxins, enzymes)?

Answer 3

Bacteriophage, Plasmids, Transposons (mobile genetic elements)

Question 4

What bacteria usually remain extracellular but some grow only within the host?

Answer 4

obligate intracellular bacteria

Question 5

What bacteria can live inside or outside the host; they have a choice?

Answer 5

facultative intracellular bacteria

Question 6

What organisms divide by binary fission and are sensitive to antibiotics, but are different from bacteria in that they lack key structures?

Answer 6

Chlamydia, Rickettsias, Mycoplasmas

Question 7

What key structure do Mycoplasmas lack?

Answer 7

no cell wall

Question 8

What key structure does Chlamydia lack?

Answer 8

can’t make ATP

Question 9

Rickettsia, replicate in membrane-bound vacuoles in what cells?

Answer 9

endothelial

Question 10

Chlamydia, replicate in membrane-bound vacuoles in what cells?

Answer 10

epithelial

Question 11

How is Rickettsiae transmitted?

Answer 11

arthropod vectors (lice, ticks, mites)

Question 12

What is the most frequent infectious cause of female sterility (fallopian tube scarring) and blindness?

Answer 12

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 13

What color stain is gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 13

purple

Question 14

What color stain is gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 14

pink

Question 15

What causes hemorrhagic vasculitis (rash), Q fever, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

Answer 15

Rickettsiae

Question 16

What are the smallest known free-living organisms?

Answer 16

Mycoplasma

Question 17

How are Ureaplasma infections transmitted?

Answer 17

venereally

Question 18

What makes up the cell walls of fungi?

Answer 18

chitin

Question 19

What makes up the cell membranes of Fungi?

Answer 19

ergosterol

Question 20

Fungi grow as budding … or filamentous …

Answer 20

yeasts; hyphae

Question 21

What Endemic Fungi is limited to the Ohio River Valley?

Answer 21

Histoplasma

Question 22

What Endemic Fungi is limited to the American Southwest?

Answer 22

Coccidiodes

Question 23

What is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries?

Answer 23

Protozoa ~20% are parasitic; pathogenic to humans

Question 24

What Intracellular Parasitic Protozoa is in Erythrocytes and the cause of Malaria?

Answer 24

Plasmodium

Question 25

What Intracellular Parasitic Protozoa is in Macrophages?

Answer 25

Leishmania

Question 26

What Protozoa is sexually transmitted?

Answer 26

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 27

What Protozoa is transmitted via oocyst shedding kittens, and undercooked meat?

Answer 27

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 28

The Ectoparasite, deer tick transmits Lyme Disease via what?

Answer 28

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 29

What Special Stain is used to diagnose, TB, and Leprosy?

Answer 29

Acid-fast

Question 30

What Special Stain is used to diagnose, Fungal Infections?

Answer 30

Silver - GMS stain

Question 31

What Special Stain is used to diagnose, Parasites (Malaria)?

Answer 31

Giemsa

Question 32

What Special Stain is used to diagnose, fluids that don't normally have bacteria in them (CSF, Synovial Fluid)?

Answer 32

Gram Stain

Question 33

The nucleic acid-based test, PCR, is used to Diagnose what diseases? (4)

Answer 33

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, TB, Herpes Encephalitis

Question 34

In Bacterial Adherence, what covers Gram+ bacteria?

Answer 34

Fibrillae

Question 35

In Bacterial Adherence, what are the filamentous proteins on Gram - bacteria?

Answer 35

Fimbriae (pili)

Question 36

What virulence factor allows entry into phagocytes?

Answer 36

C3b

Question 37

Virulence factors determine intracellular survival: In MACs what blocks phagosome/lysosome fusion?

Answer 37

M. tuberculosis

Question 38

Virulence factors determine intracellular survival: In MACs what degrades phagosome membrane?

Answer 38

L. monocytogenes

Question 39

What is LPS composed of?

Answer 39

- Core sugar chain - Lipid A (long chain fatty acid) - O antigen (variable carb chain - distinguishes strains)

Question 40

What results from Low Level LPS?

Answer 40

leukocyte recruitment, T-cell activation

Question 41

What Bacterial Enzyme (exotoxin), that allow bacterial survival and can produce tissue damage, in S. aureus, cleaves epidermal adhesion proteins, allowing for easier invasion and desquamation?

Answer 41

proteases

Question 42

What Bacterial Enzyme (exotoxin) in Clostridium perfringens, produces "gas gangrene" through digestion of host tissues?

Answer 42

alpha toxin (lecithinase)

Question 43

In Immunocompromised pts, with deficiency in Ab production or PMNs results in infections with ... and some ...

Answer 43

extracellular bacteria; fungi

Question 44

In Immunocompromised pts, with deficiency in T-cell mediated immunity results in infections with ... and ...

Answer 44

viral; intracellular bacteria

Question 45

Virulence factors determine intracellular survival: In epithelial cells, what inhibit protein synthesis, replicate, and lyse cell?

Answer 45

Shigella, E. coli

Question 46

What is an example of an exotoxin that alters signaling or regulatory pathways --> stops protein synthesis --> cell death

Answer 46

C. diphtheria

Question 47

Bacterial Exotoxin Superantigens cause ... --> widespread T cell activation --> increase cytokine release "cytokine storm"

Answer 47

MHC-II T cell receptor bridging

Question 48

What bacteria are superantigens involved in toxic shock syndrome?

Answer 48

S. aureus and S. pyogenes

Question 49

Host-Mediated Injury: MACs inhibit spread, granulomatous response damages tissue and leads to fibrosis.

Answer 49

M. tuberculosis

Question 50

Host-Mediated Injury: host response is what actually damages liver cells.

Answer 50

HBV infections

Question 51

Host-Mediated Injury: In what do antibodies to streptococcal M proteins, cross react with cardiac proteins?

Answer 51

Rheumatic fever

Question 52

Host-Mediated Injury: In what do antibodies to streptococcal M proteins, produce antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in kidney?

Answer 52

Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 53

Supportive Inflammation, run to acute tissue damage, is often the response to what extracellular bacteria?

Answer 53

gram + cocci, gram - rods

Question 54

What pattern of inflammation is common to all chronic inflammatory processes, when acute, often due to viruses, intracellular bacteria, or intracellular parasites, also caused by spirochetes and helminths?

Answer 54

Mononuclear Inflammation

Question 55

In Mononuclear Inflammation with is the cell type for HBV?

Answer 55

lymphocytes

Question 56

In Mononuclear Inflammation with is the cell type for Syphilis (primary or secondary)?

Answer 56

plasma cells

Question 57

A form of mononuclear inflammation, caused by agents that resist eradication

Answer 57

Granulomatous Inflammation

Question 58

What pattern of inflammation is usually virus induced, and has sparse inflammation?

Answer 58

Cytoproliferative

Question 59

What type of infection is found in Burn victims?

Answer 59

P. aeruginosa