2-Integumentary system

Question 1

Part of the Integument

Answer 1

• Skin
• Sweat Glands
• Sebaceous glands
• Hair
• Nails

Question 2

Skin Functions

Answer 2

• Reception
• Protection
• Regulation of body temp
• Excretion
• Absoprtion

Question 3

Specialized Receptors

Answer 3

• Mechano receptors-Touch ad pressure
• Thermoreeptors(Cold and warmth)-Free nerve endings
• Nociceptors(pain) -free nerve endings.

Question 4

3 basic layers of skin

Answer 4

• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis

Question 5

Epidermis properties/function/origin

Answer 5

4-5 cell layers- constantly shed and get replaced

• have free nerve endings
• Derived from ectoderm

Question 6

Dermis properties/function/origin

Answer 6

CT w/ collagen and elastin fibers

• Has blood vesses, nerve endings, hair follicles and glands
• Majo rle in formation and adhesion of epithelial cells
• derived from meso derm

Question 7

Hypodermis

Answer 7

• Called the superficial fascia

- loose CT w/ adipose cells

Question 8

Rete Apparatus

Answer 8

-At where the dermis and epidermis meer there are dermal and epidermal ridges that interdigitate

Question 9

Type of epithelium in epidermis

Answer 9

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Question 10

Types of cells in epidermis

Answer 10

• Keratinocytes
• Melanocytes
• Langerhans cells
• Merkel cells

Question 11

Keratinocytes

Answer 11

• largest cell population in skin

- Produce keratin and lipoporteins

Question 12

Five zones/layers of keratinocytes

Answer 12

(from base to surface)

• Stratum Basal(germinativum)
• Stratum spinosum
• stratum granulosum
• stratum lucidum(not always there)
• Stratum corneum

Question 13

What attaches the stratum basal to everything else?

Answer 13

Desmosomes bind the startum basal cells to each other and to the cells of the stratum spinosum.
While hemidesmosomes attach them to the basal lamina

Question 14

Stratum basale (keratin production)

Answer 14

They begin production of tonofilaments

Question 15

Lower Stratum spinosum (keratin production)

Answer 15

Tonofilaments merge to form tonofibrils

Question 16

Upper stratum spinosum (keratin production)

Answer 16

Cells begin to produce keratohylin granules

Question 17

Stratum granulosum (keratin production)

Answer 17

Substance from the keratohyalin granules(non-membrane bound) combine with the tonofibrils to form keratin

Question 18

Stratum corneum(keratin production)

Answer 18

Cytoplasm of the cells replaced by keratin

Question 19

Lamellar bodies

Answer 19

• Made by keratinocytes
• membrane bound
• contain glycophospholipids
• serve to waterproof skin
• released into intercellular space in the stratum granulosum

Question 20

Melanocytes(location/function)

Answer 20

• Stratum basale

- Formation of pigment in skin

Question 21

Pigment formation process

Answer 21

• Tyrosine(Amino Acid) is transported into teh cell and converted to melanin by tyrosinase(enzyme)
• Melanocytes have processes that go inbetween keratinocytes
• Melanin is then transferred to keratinocytes via melanosomes

Question 22

Langerhans cells( Dendritic cells) function

Answer 22

• Contain Birbeck granules(unknown function)

- Phagocytosis and Antigen presenting cell(APC)

Question 23

Merkel Cells

Answer 23

• Associaed with sensory nerves which traverse basal lamina of teh epidermis
• Mechanoreceptors( respond to light touch)

Question 24

Free nerve ending

Answer 24

-Thermoreceptors and nociceptors

Question 25

Dermis layers

Answer 25

- Papillary layer | - Reticular layer

Question 26

Papillary layer contain...

Answer 26

- Type III collagen - Elastic fibers - Anchoring fibrils(VII) - Capillary loops - CT cells

Question 27

Reticular layer

Answer 27

- Type I collagen - lastic fibers - Sweat glands - Sebaceous glands - Hair follicles - Smooth muscle cells

Question 28

Type of glands and how they work

Answer 28

- Holocrine- The whole cell is disintegrated and secreted - Merocrine- released through exocytosis of vesicles - Apocrine- Parts of the cells are pinched off

Question 29

Sweat gland secretion types

Answer 29

- Eccrinee(merocrine) | - apocrine

Question 30

Myoepithelial cells (function/location)

Answer 30

- they surround acini of exocrin glands (e.g. eccrine sweat glands) - Are of epthelial origin but have smooth muscle like properties. - They contact and help with releasing secretions.

Question 31

Apocrine sweat glands

Answer 31

- Found only in the armpit, areola of the nipple and the anal regions - Ducts open int the canal of hair follicles

Question 32

Sebaceous glands

Answer 32

- Found throughout the body except palm of hands, sole and side of feet. - Embedded in the dermis - Secretes sebum, a wax-like, oily mixture of cholesterol, triglycerides, etc - holocrine secretion - associated with hair follicles

Question 33

Arrrector pili muscles

Answer 33

-Make hair stand up and move.

Question 34

Receptors in the dermis

Answer 34

- Meissners corpuscle(light touch) - Pacinian corpuscle(deep pressre/vibration) - Ruffini organ(Stretch)

Question 35

Receptors in the epidermis

Answer 35

- Merkel disks | - Free nerve endings