2. Intro to Immuno

Question 1

Extracellular microbes

Answer 1

Survive in animals by growing extracellular - need to simply be immersed in the nutrients

Question 2

Intracellular microbes

Answer 2

Invade and live in/replicate intracellularly w/in animal cells. will utilize host-cell energy sources

Question 3

What are the fixed elements of the immune system?

Answer 3

The lymphoid organs. Primary: bone marrow and thymus. Secondary: spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal immune tissues

Question 4

What are the mobile elements of the immune system?

Answer 4

Immune cells and the soluble (humoral) components - antibodies, complement, and acute phase proteins etc

Question 5

Active immunity

Answer 5

Microbial antigen is presented by vaccination or by infection and the body will create antibodies to fight it

Question 6

Passive immunity

Answer 6

Serum antibodies from an immune individual are administered to an unaffected individual so they have antibodies to fight the disease

Question 7

Which type of immunity will generate immunologic memory?

Answer 7

Active immunity only

Question 8

Innate immunity

Answer 8

The first line of defense; responds rapidly and causes acute inflammation. Has some specificity for Ag, but will have no memory

Question 9

Adaptive immunity

Answer 9

takes longer to develop than innate, but is highly specific and shows memory of the Ag it has encountered previously

Question 10

0-4 hours of the immune response

Answer 10

Non-induced/non-specific innate response. Defenses like skin, pH, and saliva.

Question 11

4-96 hours of immune response

Answer 11

Induced innate/broadly specific response. Phagocytosis, complement activation, other inflammatory mechanisms, and cytokine secretion

Question 12

96 hours and on of the immune response

Answer 12

Induced adaptive (highly specific) response w/ B cells (Ab), T cells, and cytolytic T cells

Question 13

where are most innate immune cells found?

Answer 13

In the blood so they can be quickly delivered

Question 14

What immune cells are found in the tissue?

Answer 14

Tissue eosinophil, mast cells, macrophages, T lymphocyte, plasma cells, and NK cells

Question 15

What immune cells are found in the blood?

Answer 15

neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, T cell, B cell, NK cell, platelets, and RBCs

Question 16

What are the steps in the functional response of phagocytes?

Answer 16

Recruitment of the cells to the sites of infection, recognition of and activation by microbes, ingestion of the microbes by the process of phagocytosis, and destruction of the ingested microbes.

Question 17

Neutrophils

Answer 17

Phagocytes that mediate the earliest phases of immune response
Most abundant population of WBC
produced in bone marrow

Question 18

what stimulates production of neutrophils?

Answer 18

a cytokine called granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Question 19

Do neutrophils last longer in the blood or in tissues?

Answer 19

Blood. Can last a few days there but in the tissues they only last one to two days

Question 20

What do mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils protect against?

Answer 20

Helminthes (parasitic worms) and allergic reactions

Question 21

Which cells have cytoplasmic granules?

Answer 21

Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

Question 22

Location and function of mast cells

Answer 22

Located at sites exposed to the external environment, found close to blood vessels (this allows them to regulate vascular permeability and effector-cell recruitment)

Question 23

How do mast cells affect local cell populations?

Answer 23

Don’t have direct cell-cell contact so they will release mediators to act on other cells

Question 24

Tissue-resident macrophages

Answer 24

arise from precursor cells in the bone marrow driven by M-CSF. They are a heterogenous population of immune cells that fulfill tissue-specific and niche-specific functions

Question 25

Jobs of tissue-resident macrophages

Answer 25

Dedicated homeostatic functions (clearance of debris, iron processing) Can play role in tissue immune surveillance Response to infection Resolve inflammation

Question 26

Dendritic cells

Answer 26

Part of innate immunity Antigen presenting cells w/ long surface membrane extensions (dendrites) Stimulate T cells to induce adaptive immunity

Question 27

What are the two types of dendritic cells?

Answer 27

Myeloid (derived from monocytes & differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells) And plasmacytoid cells

Question 28

T cell development and maturation

Answer 28

Occurs in the thymus. when the mature T-cell is ag-stimulated, it will give rise to cellular immunity

Question 29

B cell development and maturation

Answer 29

Begins in fetal liver and occurs in the bone marrow after birth. when stimulated, gives rise to humoral immunity (involves production of immunoglobulins)

Question 30

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 30

Controlled by T lymphocytes functioning/w APCs and phagocytes Mediates host defense against intracellular microbes where they are inaccessible to circulating Abs Purpose is to kill infected host cells and eliminate "reservoirs" of infection

Question 31

Humoral adaptive immunity

Answer 31

Mediated by Abs produced by B lymphocytes. Abs will recognized microbial Ags and neutralize their infectivity while targeting microbes for elimination Principal defense against extracellular microbes and their toxins

Question 32

Growth factors needed for B cell development

Answer 32

Stromal cells and cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and IL-7

Question 33

growth factors needed for T cell development

Answer 33

Cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL7

Question 34

T helper cells

Answer 34

Express CD4 and will provide help for B cell growth and differentiation

Question 35

Cytotoxic t lymphocytes

Answer 35

Express CD8 and recognize/kill virus infected cells

Question 36

hypothesis of clonal selection

Answer 36

When an antigen is introduced, lymphocytes w/ receptors for the Ag will seek out and bind to it This will trigger proliferation and differentiation to give rise to clones of cells specifically for the Ag These clones can then react specifically with the Ag to neutralize or eliminate it some will be responsible for memory involved in adaptive immunity

Question 37

Regulatory T Cells

Answer 37

suppress and prevent immune responses (to things like self antigens)

Question 38

B lymphocytes

Answer 38

Recognize soluble Ags and develop Ab secreting cells