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NEURO FINAL SELF > 2 Language > Flashcards

2 Language Flashcards

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1
Q

what involves a bidirectional translation of thought into a communicable modality, according to the organized processing of arbitrary verbal symbols and grammatical rules?

A

language

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2
Q

What is word morphology?

A

combination of phonemes that results in a word

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3
Q

What is the dictionary of words that denote meanings?

A

lexicon

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4
Q

What are semantics?

A

conceptual meaning of words

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5
Q

What is syntax?

A

grammatical structure of sentence

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6
Q

Is language finitely generative?

A

no infinitely

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7
Q

How big is the typical lexicon is greater than how many words?

A

50,000

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8
Q

Common speech is how fast?

A

3 words/ second

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9
Q

Is comprehension is faster or slower than speech?

A

faster

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10
Q

What does language have to be linked to?

A

nonverbal context and meaning

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11
Q

What are the 4 main differences between language and non-human animal communication?

A
  1. non-human communication lacks sequencing
  2. is not generative
  3. no reference beyond immediate present
  4. limited repertoire
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12
Q

How many words per day to children learn from age of 2 until adulthood?

A

10 words/ day

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13
Q

What are the possible methods and hypothesis for why children have the biological capacity to learn?

A
  • anatomy for speech
  • universal grammar
  • increased auditory working memory
  • associative learning of sequences and patterns
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14
Q

T-F–speech production involves intricate sequencing?

A

True

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15
Q

In speech waveforms what does L1 indicate?

A

bursts that occur when the lips are opened

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16
Q

In speech waveforms what does R1 indicate?

A

onset of phonation that occurs with activation of the vocal cords

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17
Q

What is the time between the lips bursting and onset of phonation is known as what?

A

voice onset time

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18
Q

What does the speech waveform graphs illustrate?

A

the idea that precise control of a sequence of independent motor acts underlies speech [and the breakdown of this sequencing ability is a major component of APHASIA]

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19
Q

What hemisphere dominates language? percentages of right-handers and left handers?

A

left hemisphere

90% and 60%

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20
Q

What are the key language implementation areas ?

A

broca and wernicke

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21
Q

Besides broca’s and wernicke’s what other areas were implicated in aphasia?

A

perisylvian and basal ganglia

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22
Q

What does damage to areas around the implementation regions cause?

A

relatively mild aphasia

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23
Q

What is an acquired disturbance of the comprehension and formulation of verbal messages? what is the defect in?

A

aphasia- a defect in language-related brain areas and the 2 way translation mechanism between mental images and verbal symbols/grammatical rules

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24
Q

what distinguishes psychosis from aphasia?

A

psychosis-impairment in the coherence of thought

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25
what distinguishes mutism from aphasia?
mutism is an avolitional state with no attempt to initiate speech
26
What distinguishes dysarthria from aphasia?
dysarthria is speech not articulated clearly due to central or peripheral motor defect
27
What distinguishes aphemia from aphasia?
aphemia-no articulation due to central motor defect
28
What is verbal or semantic paraphasia?
substitution of an entire word
29
What is phonemic paraphasia?
substitution, addition or omission of a phoneme within a word
30
What is neologism?
production of a novel word [likely from multiple phonemic errors]
31
What is perseveration?
inappropriate repetition
32
What is echolalia?
repetition of the last word of a sentence
33
What is argon aphasia?
fluent, highly paraphasic speech
34
What utility do we see in some aphasia patients?
convey considerable information have a reliable anatomical correlates
35
What are some of the limitations aphasia has in diagnosis and patients? [I mainly made this card for review]
1. some patients do not readily fit 2. diagnosis may change recovery 3. important details not conveyed and widely varied patients may be given same diagnosis
36
What are some of the symptoms of Broca's aphasia?
- non-fluent speech - initiation is difficult - paraphasic [particularly phonemic] - agrammatic - telegraphic - defective repetition, naming, and writing
37
In Broca's aphasia, is comprehension relatively preserved?
Yes
38
What are some of the symptoms of wernicke's aphasia?
-fluent speech, well articulated, easily initiated -normal prosody -paraphasic errors are semantic, phonemic, neologistic -naming and repetition are impaired Comprehension is impaired -alexia and agraphia
39
Is comprehension impaired in Wernicke's aphasia?
Yes
40
What aphasia-- severe impairment in nearly all speech and linguistic capacities, patient cannot speak, cannot understand spoken/written language, will try to speak by other means which distinguishes them from mutism?
global aphasia
41
What aphasia is severe impairment of verbatim repetition, spontaneous speech is near normal, except for phonemic errors, good comprehension, cannot write to dictation?
Conduction aphasia?
42
In conduction aphasia can the patient write to dictation?
conduction aphasia
43
What areas does conduction aphasia related to?
auditory cortex or insula
44
What is the difference between transcortical sensory aphasia and wernickes?
more mild but verbatim repetition is relatively spared
45
What area has associated damage with transcortical sensory aphasia?
end of the superior temporal sulcus--like the angular gyrus | parietal hemorrhage
46
Where is the transcortical motor aphasia lesion?
anterior or superior to Broca's
47
What is the difference that transcortical motor aphasia has from Broca's?
Resembles, but verbatim repetition is relatively preserved
48
Where is the damage associated with anomic aphasia?
left inferotemporal regions often due to trauma
49
What are the long term defects in anomic aphasia?
naming and verbal memory defects
50
Lesions to the left basal ganglia results in variable language impairments plus dysarthria?
subcortical 'atypical' aphasia
51
The left thalamic damage can cause aphasias similar to what?
often resembling the transcortical aphasias
52
Progressive fluent aphasia has progressive atrophy of what?
left temporal polar cortex and the planum temporal…sparing of Heschl's gyrus.
53
What boundary does progressive aphasia with frontotemporal dementia respect?
boundary between primary and association cortex
54
What disease--personality changes, poor judgement, sparse and perseverative speech, speech becomes echolalic?
progressive aphasia with frontotemporal dementia
55
What are the major causes in general of the aphasias?
stroke (left MCA) head trauma Tumor neurodegenerative diseases (many of them)
56
T-F-- by assessing repetition, aural comprehension and fluency you can arrive at a preliminary diagnosis of aphasia?
True
57
What aphasia has impaired repetition but not fluency or comprehension?
conduction
58
What aphasia has impaired repetition and fluency, but not comprehension?
broca
59
What aphasia has impaired fluency but not repetition or comprehension?
TCMA
60
What aphasia has impaired repetition, fluency, comprehension?
global
61
What aphasia has impaired repetition and comprehension, but not fluency?
wernicke
62
What aphasia has impaired comprehension, but not repetition or fluency?
TCSA
63
If aphasia is present for 3-4 months onset, is complete recovery likely?
No
64
How long may gradual improvement occur?
12 or more months
65
Does comprehension or production recover more?
comprehension | [better recovery in youth, higher premorbid abilities, head trauma over stroke]

NEURO FINAL SELF (5 decks)

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