2 Medulla

Question 1

What is the only part of the CNS that is essential for life?

Answer 1

Medulla

Question 2

What features demarcate the transition from spinal cord to medulla?

Answer 2

1. spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus

2. Pyramid Decussations

Question 3

What blends together to form the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve?

Answer 3

substantia gelatinosa, posteromarginal nucleus, nucleus proprius

Question 4

What does the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve receive?

Answer 4

pain and temp from the face

Question 5

What does Lissauer’s tract become in the medulla? Fiber size? where are fibers derived?

Answer 5

spinal trigeminal tract
Asigma and C
Trigeminal ganglion

Question 6

T-F—dorsal columns end in the caudal medulla?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What forms the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 7

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Question 8

Where is neuron 2 nucleus of the sensory ganglia from pain, temp, simple touch, from face, oral cavity and ear located?

Answer 8

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 9

Does the spinal trigeminal tract go travel caudally or rostrally?

Answer 9

caudal to the spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 10

Spinal trigeminal nucleus gives axons that decussate and ascend as what?

Answer 10

ventral trigeminothalamic tract

Question 11

Where does the ventral trigeminothalamic tract terminate?

Answer 11

Thalamus–ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM)

Question 12

Where does pain from teeth specifically terminate in the spinal trigeminal nucleus?

Answer 12

middle (inter polar)

Rostral (oral)

Question 13

T-F- - periorbital areas of CNV division are found caudally in the spinal nucleus?

Answer 13

False—most rostrally—ear and scalp are most caudal

Question 14

Where do the neuron 2 fibers from cuneate and gracile fascicle cross? what are they called?

Answer 14

medulla

internal arcuate fibers—>medial lemniscus

Question 15

Where does the accessory cuneate nucleus send axons to?

Answer 15

cerebellum in the cuneo-cerebellar tract

Question 16

What does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract become?

Answer 16

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 17

What is the dorsal spinocerebellar tract joined by in the medulla?

Answer 17

olivo-cerebellar fibers from the inferior olivary nucleus

Question 18

In what orientation to fibers from the hypoglossal nucleus travel in the medulla? where do they emerge?

Answer 18

obliquely down to emerge from pre-olivary sulcus

Question 19

What does nucleus ambiguous provide motor innervation to?

Answer 19

pharynx, larynx, soft palate, and upper esophagus

CN IX and CNX

Question 20

What nucleus lies beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle and is the source of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the sub-diaphragmatic vagus nerve?

Answer 20

dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX)

Question 21

What does external part of nucleus ambiguous contain?

Answer 21

cardiomotor pre-ganglionic neurons

Question 22

1 st order afferents from 7, 9 and 10 enter brainstem and travel in what? and where do they terminate?

Answer 22

solitary tract and terminate in the NTS (nucleus solitarius tractus)

Question 23

Where does visceral sensor from mucous membranes of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, tympanic cavity, auditory tube, thoracic and abdominal viscera, aortic arch and carotid sinus terminate?

Answer 23

CAUDAL portion of the NTS

Question 24

Taste afferents from the tongue and epiglottis terminate where?

Answer 24

ROSTRAL portion of NTS

Question 25

T-F---swallowing and nausea/vomiting almost always accompany medulla lesions

Answer 25

true

Question 26

activation of the diving reflex leads to what?

Answer 26

- bradycardia - increased peripheral resistance - apnea

Question 27

What is the intermediate neuron of the gag reflex between IX and X?

Answer 27

V- afferent to the spinal nucleus which sends Neuron 2 to nucleus ambiguous which then sends muscle innervation to pharynx

Question 28

T-f----loss of reflex or asymmetrical movements of the palate do not occur in lateral medullary syndrome

Answer 28

false- they do occur

Question 29

The vestibular and cochlear nuclei straddle what?

Answer 29

pons and medulla

Question 30

lesions of medullary vestibular nuclei lead to what?

Answer 30

signs similar to damage of semicircular canals---vertigo, ataxia, nausea

Question 31

What is the name for a diffuse white matter bundle in the center of the medulla?

Answer 31

central tegmental tract

Question 32

Medullary lesion of the central segmental tract can lead to what?

Answer 32

Horners--(central tegmental tract constituent is the hypothalami-spinal tract)

Question 33

What 4 arteries supply almost all of the blood to the medulla?

Answer 33

- anterior spinal artery - posterior spinal artery - vertebral artery - posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 34

medial medullary syndrome affects what 3 main structures?

Answer 34

pyramids, hypoglossal nucleus, medial lemniscus

Question 35

medial medullary syndrome to pyramids causes what?

Answer 35

contralateral UMN signs sparing face

Question 36

medial medullary syndrome of hypoglossal nucleus causes what?

Answer 36

ipsilateral LMN signs deviating to lesion side

Question 37

medial medullary syndrome of medial lemniscus causes what?

Answer 37

contralateral loss of 2 point discrimination, vibration sense and kinesthesia

Question 38

Lateral medullary syndrome of nucleus ambiguous causes?

Answer 38

dysphagia, displaced uvula, flaccid vocal fold

Question 39

Lateral medullary syndrome of spinal nut and tract of V causes?

Answer 39

ipsilateral loss of pain, temp of the face

Question 40

lateral medullary syndrome of spinothalamic tract leads to what?

Answer 40

contralateral loss of pain and temp

Question 41

lateral medullary syndrome of the descending sympathetic tract causes?

Answer 41

horners

Question 42

lateral medullary syndrome of the inferior cerebellar peduncle causes?

Answer 42

ipsilateral ataxia

Question 43

lateral medullary syndrome of vestibular nuclei causes?

Answer 43

vertigo and nausea

Question 44

lateral medullary syndrome of the reticular formation causes?

Answer 44

hiccups (chronic)

Question 45

what tells the cerebellum that an inappropriate movement is being performed?

Answer 45

Olive (or so it is believed)