2 Memory- Multi-Store Model

Question 1

who proposed the multi-store model?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Question 2

how many stores is memory made up of?

Answer 2

three
Sensory register, STM, LTM

Question 3

what aspects make up each memory store?

Answer 3

capacity, duration and coding

Question 4

what facilitates the transfer of information from the sensory register to LTM via STM?

Answer 4

attention and rehearsal

Question 5

why is this a passive method?

Answer 5

information is passed through the system sequently, material passes through each component with little effort.

Question 6

what does coding mean?

Answer 6

the format in which information is stored in the various memory stores

Question 7

give some examples of coding methods

Answer 7

acoustic, visual, semantic

Question 8

what is capacity?

Answer 8

the amount of information the memory store can hold

Question 9

what is duration?

Answer 9

the length of time the memory store can hold information

Question 10

describe coding in the sensory register

Answer 10

different sensory information is coded here
(stored in the same form it is first registered)

Question 11

describe coding in the STM

Answer 11

information is coded acoustically (sound)

Question 12

describe coding in the LTM

Answer 12

information is coded semantically (meaning)

Question 13

describe duration in the sensory register

Answer 13

250 milliseconds- up to 2 seconds

Question 14

describe duration in the STM

Answer 14

18-30 seconds without rehearsal

Question 15

describe duration in the LTM

Answer 15

potentially up to a life-time

Question 16

describe capacity in the sensory register

Answer 16

limited by the amount of information that can be received, may be very large

Question 17

describe capacity in the STM

Answer 17

7 seconds (+/-2) digits of chunks

Question 18

describe capacity in the LTM

Answer 18

unlimited

Question 19

forgetting in the STM

Answer 19

mainly displacement (new information replaces old information)

Question 20

forgetting in the LTM

Answer 20

mostly interference and cue or context dependent forgetting

Question 21

what is the sensory register?

Answer 21

this deals with senses in different registers

Question 22

how many different sensory memory registers are there?

Answer 22

three
-iconic
-echoic
-haptic

Question 23

what is iconic memory?

Answer 23

the visual sensory register

Question 24

what is echoic memory?

Answer 24

retains sound information

Question 25

what is haptic memory?

Answer 25

touch information

Question 26

who researched into capacity for the sensory register? (grid of letters presented)

Answer 26

Sperling

Question 27

what did Sperling find when researching capacity in SR

Answer 27

participants recalled 3.04 of 4 letters correctly when asked to recall only one row in the grid -the sensory register has limited capacity

Question 28

who researched into duration for the SR?

Answer 28

Crowder

Question 29

what did Crowder find when researching duration in SR?

Answer 29

the sensory store only retains information for limited time iconic- few milliseconds echoic- 2-3 seconds (multi-modal, coded in multiple ways) -auditory information could be held for more time than visual

Question 30

what did Treisman find when researching the SR?

Answer 30

the sensory register (SR) has a large capacity but very short duration. Information enters the SR from our senses, and unless attended to, it is quickly forgotten.

Question 31

what is the STM?

Answer 31

information is transferred here when attention is focused on one of the sensory registers stimuli -limited capacity, storage and duration

Question 32

how can information be lost from the STM?

Answer 32

displacement- new information replaces the old

Question 33

how can information be transferred from the STM to the LTM?

Answer 33

rehearsal

Question 34

what did Jacobs find when researching into capacity for STM?

Answer 34

the avg number of digits participants could recall correctly was 7 letters and 9 numbers -supports the 7 +/-2 chunks -has a limited capacity -research is reliable with consistent findings

Question 35

what did Peterson and Peterson find when researching into duration for STM?

Answer 35

as the duration of the distractor task increased, the ability to accurately recall trigram decreased -when task was over 15-18 seconds, recall was poor -the duration of STM is approx 18-30 seconds maximum

Question 36

what did Baddeley find when researching encoding in STM?

Answer 36

acoustically similar words were more difficult to recall than words in any of the other lists -easily muddled up and confused -suggests coding in the STM is acoustic

Question 37

Clive Wearing supporting STM concept in the MSM

Answer 37

suggests there are multiple stores of memory, Clive has no STM, but an intact LTM -provides a real life example and mundane realism for the theory

Question 38

what is the LTM?

Answer 38

information can be transferred here after rehearsal, information can be retrieved to STM for recall -potentially unlimited storage and duration -semantic coding

Question 39

how can information be lost from the LTM?

Answer 39

interference, lack of retrieval cues and decay

Question 40

what did Wagenoar find when researching capacity in the LTM?

Answer 40

found 75% recall for critical details 1 year after event vs 45% after 5 years -suggests LTM has a potentially limitless capacity

Question 41

what did Bahrick find when researching duration in the LTM?

Answer 41

recall into school friend names being remembered when given photographs, participants aged 17-74 years 90% recall after 15 years 80% recall after 48 years -suggests the duration information can be remembered in the LTM is potentially limitless

Question 42

what did Baddeley find when researching encoding in the LTM?

Answer 42

when ppts were asked to recall words after a 20 minute delay, semantically similar words were recalled worse, suggesting that the LTM encodes information semantically (meaning)

Question 43

A03 MSM supporting study

Answer 43

Clive Wearing gives research support for the MSM -he could still use his STM to remember things, but only for 20-30 seconds -suggests there are multiple stores of memory, each with different durations (STM and LTM are separate)

Question 44

A03 MSM opposing idea

Answer 44

the idea of unitary stores for STM and LTM is too simplistic -research suggests that there should be multiple types of STM, a more active system -WMM may provide a more detailed account of memory

Question 45

A03 MSM application

Answer 45

useful practical applications from the model -the model highlights the importance of rehearsal in forming LTMs -therefore students can use this when revising for exams, ensuring information is constantly rehearsed, and meaningful concepts are used to remember info

Question 46

A03 MSM + (different types of rehearsal)

Answer 46

this model fails to distinguish between different types of rehearsal -research found that deep processing creates longer memories rather than shallow processing -it oversimplifies rehearsal, failing to acknowledge how more meaningful rehearsal may lead to longer-term memories