2. Perineum (Carter) Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is the purpose of an episiotomy?
Preventing perineal tears during childbirth.
Why is a midline episiotomy typically not preferred?
Because a midline episiotomy would affect the perineal body, which is often avoided by physicians.
Into which lymph nodes does limb from the deep peroneal space, proximal vagina, and proximal anal canal superior to the pectinate line drain?
Internal iliac nodes.
What are the boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa?
The lateral boundary is the obturator internus and the ischium.
The superior and medial boundary is the levator ani and the external anal sphincter.
What erectile tissue can be found below the labia minora?
The bulb of the vestibule.
Where does the levator ani muscle insert into the structures of the anal triangle?
The levator ani terminates into the external anal sphincter muscle.
What is supplied by the inferior rectal nerve?
What does the inferior rectal nerve branch off of?
The inferior rectal nerve supplies the skin around the anus and the external anal sphincter.
The inferior rectal nerve branches off of the pudendal nerve.
What are the erectile tissues of the penis?
The corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum.
Which anterior rami give rise to the pudendal nerve?
S2-S4
What is contained within the pudendal canal?
The pudendal nerve.
The internal pudendal artery.
The internal pudendal vein.
What glands secrete a clear mucus to lubricate the external genitalia during sexual activity in females?
The greater vestibular glands.
What four structures are typically cut in an episiotomy?
Posterior vaginal wall.
Bulbospongiosus muscle.
Superficial transverse perineus muscle.
Skin and associated fascia.
What are the six causes of male impotence discussed in class?
Nerve damage to the prostatic nerve plexus.
Atherosclerosis.
Type II diabetes.
Spinal cord injury.
Hormonal disorders.
Psychological disorder.
What is contained within the deep perineal space?
Superior fascial layer of the urogenital diaphragm.
Deep transverse perineus muscle.
External urethral sphincter and membranous urethra.
Bulbourethral glands (male).
Compressor urethrae (female).
Vagina (female).
Inferior fascial layer of the urogenital diaphragm.
What are the anterior, anterolateral, posterolateral, posterior, superior, and inferior borders of the perineum?
Anterior: pubic symphysis.
Anterolateral: ischiopubic ramus.
Posterolateral: sacrotuberous ligament.
Posterior: coccyx and sacrum.
Superior: pelvic diaphragm.
Inferior: skin associated with external genitalia and anal canal.
What four structures make up the root of the penis?
The two crura.
The bulb of the penis.
The ischiocavernosus muscle.
The bulbospongiosus muscle.
What structures are supplied by the external pudendal arteries?
The scrotum and penis in males.
The labia majora and clitoris in females.
Into which lymph nodes do the superficial peroneal space, distal portions of the vagina, and anal canal (inferior to the pectinate line) drain?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
From medial to lateral, what are the three muscles of the levator ani?
Puborectalis.
Pubococcygeus.
Iliococcygeus.
What portion of the pelvic floor helps promote fecal continence?
The puborectal sling.
What two muscles of the pelvic floor are most prone to tearing during childbirth?
The puborectalis and pubococcygeus muscles.
The ischiorectal fossa can be divided into what two regions?
The urogenital triangle and the anal triangle.
What portion of the anal canal secretes mucus to aid in defecation?
Anal sinuses.
What are the three parts to the external anal sphincter?
Deep, superficial, and subcutaneous.
