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Year 1 GIGU Quiz 2 > Principles of GI Physiology > Flashcards

Principles of GI Physiology Flashcards

(124 cards)

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1
Q

pandemic disease constitutes ___-____ million americans and more than ___ million hospitalizations a year

A

70-95

10

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2
Q

____ cancer is the 2nd deadliest cancer in US

A

colorectal

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3
Q

_____ is the 3rd leading cause of death worldwide

A

diarrhea

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4
Q

total health care costs exceeds ___ billion

A

40

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5
Q

total cost to nation for health care exceeds ___ billion

A

90

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6
Q

GI Function

  • ___ of food through tract
  • ___ of digestive juices
  • ___ of food
  • ___ of H20, electrolytes, vitamins, and products of digestion
  • ____ ____ to carry away the absorbed substances
  • control of these functions by ___, ___ and __ systems
A 
movement
secretion
digestion
absorption
blood circulation
local, nervous, and hormonal
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7
Q

digestion juices include

A 
saliva
HCl acid
gastric juices
bile
pancreatic juices
sodium bicarbonate
mucous
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8
Q

_____: breaking down to simpler products to be absorbed

A

disgestion

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9
Q

3 processes in mechanical digestion

A

chewing (mouth)
churning (stomach)
segmentation (small intestine)

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10
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
_____ –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

Serosa

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11
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> _____ _____ –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

longitudinal muscle

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12
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> ______ (______) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus

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13
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> ____ ___ –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

circular muscle

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14
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> _____ (______) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

submucosal (Meissner’s)

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15
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> ____ –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

submucosa

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16
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> _____ ____ –> epithelial or mucosal layer

A

lamina propria

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17
Q

Layers of the GI Tract…. (out to in)
serosa –> longitudinal muscle –> myenteric (auerbach’s) nerve plexus –> circular muscle –> submucosal (Meissner’s) nerve plexus –> submucosa –> muscularis mucosae –> lamina propria –> ____ or _____ layer

A

epithelial

mucosal

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18
Q

the serosa is also known as the ___ layer of the peritoneum

A

visceral

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19
Q

the longitudinal muscle in the large intestine is known as the ___ ___

A

tenia coli

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20
Q

endocrines

  • all GI hormones are ___
  • released into the _____ and act on ___ cells
A

peptides
blood
distant

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21
Q

paracrines

  • some are _____ and some are not
  • ___ cells release and diffuse to ___ cells
  • can act ____ or ___ on endocrine cells
A 
peptides
endocrine
target
positively
negatively
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22
Q

paracrines

  • peptide hormone exampple
  • non-peptide hormone example
A

somatostatin

histamine

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23
Q

neurocrines

  • some are ___ and some are not
  • ___ release and diffuse to ___ cells
A

peptides
nerves
target

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24
Q

neurocrines

  • peptide hormone example
  • non peptide hormone example
A

VIP - vasopeptide inhibitory/intestinal peptide

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine

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25
portal vein made from ___ and ___ ____ veins with contributions also from the right and left ___ veins
splenic superior mesenteric gastric
26
intrinsic control of the GI tract is through the ____ nervous system
enteric
27
enteric nervous system includes 2 nerve plexuses
myenteric (auerbach's) | submucosal (meissner)
28
myenteric (auerbach's) and submucosal (meissner) nerve plexuses are found within the ____ of the GI tract
GI
29
extrinsic control of the GI tract is through the ___ nervous system
autonomic
30
parasympathetic nervous system ____ the GI tract
stimulate
31
parasympathetic lets out an cholinergic hormone called ____
acetylcholine
32
parasympathetic releases 2 peptidergic hormones called
vasoactive inhibitory/intestinal peptide | substance P
33
sympathetic nervous system mainly ____ the GI tract with the ____ hormone
inhibits | norepinephrine
34
4 parasympathetic cranial ganglion
ciliary otic pterygopalatine submandibular
35
mechanoreceptors in the GI tract detect ____
stretching
36
chemoreceptors in the GI tract detect ____ ___
chemical changes | HCl
37
parasympathetic and sympathetic are ____ controllers
extrinsic
38
parasympathetic control is carried through the ____ nerve and ___ ____ nerve
vagus | pelvic splanchnic
39
pelvic splanchnic provides parasympathetic to the ___ of the GI tract
hindgut
40
hindgut includes...
distal 1/3 of transverse colon to the rectum
41
post gg parasympatheti is within the ____ ____ of the GI tract
intestinal wall
42
all pre ganglionic fibers of both SP and PS are _____
cholinergic
43
5 SP ganglion
``` corticorenal hypogastric sup mesenteric ciliac inf mesenteric ```
44
norepinephrine effects some ____ neurons that causes the ___ of muscles
intrinsic | inhibits
45
location of the enteric nervous system ____ ___ from esophagus to anus
gut wall
46
4 things that make up the enteric nervous system
cell bodies axons dendrites nerve endings
47
3 innervations to the enteric nervous system - ____ cells - ____ nerves - ____ neurons
gut cells sensory nerves other neurons
48
integration of the enteric nervous system can occur entirely within the ____ and can function independent of ____
ENS | ANS
49
transmitters of the ENS can be both ____ and ____
excitatory | inhibitory
50
ACh has an ____ effect
excitatory
51
NE has an ____ effect
inhibitory
52
ACh comes from ____ neurons
cholinergic
53
actions of ACh - ___ of smooth muscles in wall - ___ of sphincters - ___ salivary secretions - ___ gastric secretion - ___ pancreatic secretion
``` contraction relaxation increase increase increase ```
54
Norepinephrine comes from ____ neurons
andrenergic
55
actions of norepinephrine - ____ of smooth muscles in wall - ___ of sphincters - ___ salivary secretion
relaxation contraction increase
56
vasoactive intestinal peptide comes from neurons of ___ and ___ ___
mucosa | smooth muscle
57
actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide - ___ of smooth muscles in wall - ___ of sphincters - ____ intestinal secretions - ___ pancreatic secretions
contraction relaxation increase increase
58
gastrin releasing peptide or bombesin comes from neurons of ___ ___
gastric mucosa
59
actions of gastrin releasing peptide or bombesin | - ___ gastric secretions
increase
60
enkephalins (opiates) come from neurons of __ and ___ ___
mucosa | smooth muscles
61
actions of enkephalins - _____ of smooth muscles - _____ intestinal secretion
contraction | decrease
62
neuropeptide Y comes from neurons of ___ and ___ ___
mucosa | smooth muscles
63
actions of neuropeptide Y - ____ of smooth muscles - ___ intestinal secretions
relaxation | decrease
64
substance P is cosecreted with ___
acetylcholine
65
actions of substance P - ___ of smooth muscle - ___ salivary secretion
contraction | increased
66
myenteric plexus of the ENS is located between ___ and ___ smooth muscle layers
longitudinal | circular
67
function of the myenteric plexus is to control the GI ___
motility
68
stimulatory influences of the myenteric plexus includes ____ tonic contraction and ___ contraction frequency/intensity
increase | increase
69
inhibitory influences of the myenteric plexus includes ____ sphincter tone
decrease
70
3 sphincters of the GI tract that are effected by the myenteric plexus
pyloric ileocecal lower esophageal
71
submucosal plexus is located in the ____ layer from esophagus to anus
mucosal
72
submucosal plexus acts to control the local environment with ____, ____ and ___ of muscularis mucosa
secretion absorption contraction
73
contraction of the muscularis mucosa causes more ___ of muscularis mucosa
enfolding
74
somatic neurons are also known as ___ ___ neurons
lower motor
75
lower motor neurons are located in the ____ horn of grey matter in the spinal cord
ventral
76
sympathetic pre gg fibers with synapse at ____ ganglia and have ____ receptors
prevertebral | nictitating
77
post gg sympathetic fibers will be sensed by ___ receptors
andregenic
78
cranial division of the parasympathetic division is mostly made up of the ___ nerve and is derived from the ____ and ___
foregut | midgut
79
pelvic division of the parasympathetic division is mostly made up of the ___ ___ nerve and is derived from the ____
pelvic splanchnic | hindgut
80
preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are ___ and post gg neurons are ___ and are entirely in the ___ and will synapse with ___ neurons within the intestinal wall
long short ENS ENS
81
stimulation of the parasympathetic neurons ___ the ENS
excites
82
parasympathetic nerves also contain ___ ___ fibers 80% of the time
afferent sensory (GVA)
83
pre gg SP neurons are ____ and originate at ___-___ vertebral levels and synapse in ____ ganglia
long T5-L2 prevertebral
84
post gg SP neurons are ____ and originate in ___ and innervate the ____ gut and terminate in the ___
long ganglia entire ENS
85
SP nerves also contain ___ ___ fibers 50 % of the time
afferent sensory
86
the neurotransmitter of pre gg efferent neurons is ____
ACh
87
the neurotransmitter of post gg efferent neurons is ____ for the PNS and ___ for the SNS
ACh | NE
88
PNS is mostly ____
cholinergic
89
SNS is mostly ___ but some ___
adrenergic | cholinergic
90
excitatory neurotransmitters of the ENS (2)
acetylcholine | substance P
91
inhibitory neurotransmitter of the ENS (2)
VIP | nitric oxide
92
stimulation of afferent neurons causes - ___ of gut wall - non-specific ___ of gut mucosa - specific ___ stimuli
distention irritation chemical (HCl)
93
stimulation can either excite or inhibit intestinal ___ and ___
movements | secretions
94
local gastrointestinal reflexes have their afferent fibers from the ___ and terminate in the ____
gut | ENS
95
local gastrointestinal reflexes affect positively or negatively ____, ____ and ___ movements
secretion peristalsis mixing movements
96
long loop gastrointestinal reflexes of from the gut --> afferent n --> ___ ganglia --> efferent neuron --> ___
prevertebral | gut
97
long loop gastrointestinal reflexes include ___, ____ and ___
gastrocolic enterogastric colonoileal COLIC REFLEXES
98
vagovagal reflexes | stomach/duodenum --> ___ nerve (afferent) --> ___ ___ --> ____ nerve (efferent) --> stomach/duodenum
vagus brain stem PS
99
vagovagal reflexes controls ____ of gastric motor and ____ of secretory activity
decrease | increase
100
defecation reflexes | colon/rectum --> afferent neuron --> ___ __ --> efferent neuron --> colon/rectum
spinal cord
101
defecation reflex can be ____ or ___ loop
local | long
102
the local affect of the defecation reflex causes a ____ peristalsis that ___ strong enough to cause defecation
mild | isnt
103
the long loop affect of the defecation reflex goes to the spinal cord through the ___-___ spinal cord levels
S2-S4
104
long loop affect of defecation causes ___ peristalsis because of the ___ fibers
more | PS
105
pain reflexes of the GI tract causes overall ___
inhibition
106
nervous and hormonal influences ___ function independently
dont
107
neural activity --> ___ of hormones
release
108
hormones --> ___ activity
neural
109
source of stimuli of the nervous and endocrine systems are from the ____ and ___ ___ ___
environment | within the body
110
splanchnic circulation is composed of the ___ __, ___, ___ and ___
GI tract spleen pancreas liver
111
celiac artery feeds the ___ and ___
stomach | spleen
112
superior mesenteric artery feeds the ___, ____ and proximal ___
SI pancreas colon
113
venous drainage of the splanchnic circulation | ____ vein --> liver ____ --> ___ venule --> ____ v --> ___ v --> IVC
``` portal sinusoids central sublobular hepatic ```
114
______ cells remove bacteria
reticuloendothelial
115
1/2 to 1/3 of nutrients are ___ and ___ in liver
removed | stored
116
eating a meal will ___ blood flow for 3-6 hours
increase
117
3 vasodilator hormes
gastrin secretin CCK
118
2 vasodilator kinins
kallidin | bradykinin
119
low oxygen levels will ___ metabolic activity because of high ____
increase | adenosine
120
PNS will ___ gut activity then ___ blood flow
increase | increase
121
SNS directly ___ blood flow
decreases
122
if 80% of oxygen i shunted from a to v it ___ harmful due to a lot of anastomotic connections
isnt
123
circulatory shock/decreased cardiac output/hypotension/mechanical obstruction - splanchnic blood flow greatly ___ - villus tip suffers ____ death - absorptive capabilities _____
reduced ischemic diminished
124
circulatory shock/decreased cardiac output/hypotension/mechanical obstruction problematic due to ___ CO excretion
decreased

Year 1 GIGU Quiz 2 (28 decks)

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