2. photosynthesis:energy from sunlight (calvin cycle)

Question 1

what is the second stage of photosynthesis?

Answer 1

the Calvin cycle

Question 2

what does the Calvin cycle do?

Answer 2

fixes CO2 into glucose

Question 3

in order for CO2 to be useful ______ has to be bonded to another ______

Answer 3

carbon

Question 4

______ is reduced to form _____

Answer 4

CO2 - glucose

Question 5

the Calvin cycle happens in te ____

Answer 5

stroma

Question 6

engird in ATP and NADPH in the stroma is used to ____ CO2’s _____ into a ______ from

Answer 6

fix , useable

Question 7

what are the 3 main stages of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 7

carbon fixation, carbon reduction, regeneration

Question 8

**** stage 1: carbon fixation what happens in this process? DRAW THIS

Answer 8

RuBP(5C molecule) bind with CO2 by an enzyme called rubisco… to make a highly unstable 6C molecules that is quickly broke down to .. 2 molecules of 3-PGA

Question 9

***stage 2: reduction what happens in this stage? DRAW THIS

Answer 9

start with a 3-PGA (product of stage 1) consume a pÍ from ATP that will make P-C-C-C-P but this will then be reduced by NADPH to form a new 3C molecule called G3P

Question 10

*** stage 3: regeneration explain.. DRAW THIS

Answer 10

some of the G3P will make glucose and the leftovers will regenerate the OG molecule RuBP so it can pick up another CO2 and enter the Calvin cycle again BUT REGENERATING RuBP CONSUMES AN ATP

Question 11

FINALLY #___ ____ and #___ _____ used for every Calvin cycle

Answer 11

2 ATP and 1 NADPH

Question 12

the products of the Calvin cycle are ____ for all ____ on earth

Answer 12

crucial for all LIFE

Question 13

fun fact… all the carbon containing atoms/molecules in your body was once…

Answer 13

CO2 from the atmosphere

Question 14

_______ is the enzyme in the Calvin cycle

Answer 14

rubisco

Question 15

rubisco usually uses _____ as a substrate to fix carbon BUTTTTTT rubisco sometimes make the mistake to use _____ instead of _____

Answer 15

CO2, oxygen, CO2

Question 16

what happens when rubisco and O2 combine?

Answer 16

photorespiration… loss of carbons , it is a mistake that hurts the plant

Question 17

formula of photorespiration

Answer 17

RuBP+ O2 = phosphoglycolate + 3PG

Question 18

what does phosphoglycolate do in photorespiration?

Answer 18

it will inhibit reactions within the Calvin cycle so it NEEDS TO GET RID OF

Question 19

when photorespiration happens in the plant, the plant looses?

Answer 19

25%/ Quarter of glucose that can be made

Question 20

when high concentration of O2 rather than CO2 can occur on ____,____ days (the ______ (plant nostrils) will ____ to prevent ____ loss.

Answer 20

hot, dry , stomata will close to prevent water loss

Question 21

Plants do or do not differ in how they fix CO2

Answer 21

THEY DO DIFFER

Question 22

** describe C3 plants

Answer 22

use rubisco as the 1st enzyme, 1st product being 3PG because stomata is closed and O2 doesn’t come in or out SO on hot dry days photorespiration occurs

Question 23

C4 plant use a different?

Answer 23

1st enzyme

Question 24

C4 plants #1 product is _________ which has #___ ________

Answer 24

oxaloacete , 4 carbons

Question 25

C4 plants ________ photorespiration on ho, dry days

Answer 25

prevent

Question 26

C4 plants have #___ different kinds of cell called?

Answer 26

2 , mesophyll cells and bundle-sheet cells

Question 27

rubisco is found where in C4 plants

Answer 27

bundle sheet cells

Question 28

the bundle sheet cell is where _____ is found and where the _______ _____ occurs

Answer 28

rubisco, calvin cycle

Question 29

in mesophyll cells there is a?

Answer 29

different enzyme called .... PEP carboxylase

Question 30

what does PEP carboxylase do?

Answer 30

it will fix CO2 with a 3C molecule called PEP into oxalacetate

Question 31

*******what happens in mesophyll cells? DRAW THIS

Answer 31

PEP carboxylase will fix CO2 with a 3C molecule called PEP to form oxalactate that is then converted to malate , malate will then diffuse into bundle sheet cells that will them its CO2 near rubric and the Calvin cycle occurs

Question 32

PEP carboxylase will _____ grab onto ____

Answer 32

NEVER grab onto OXYGEN

Question 33

*********what happens in bundle sheet cells DRAW THIS

Answer 33

malate will decarboxylase into CO2 and pyruvate , pyruvate will move back up to the mesophyll cell and regenerate PEP that will then pick up a carbon

Question 34

C4 plants are _________ , why?

Answer 34

expensive because ATP is used to ferry intermediate back and form across the membrane so it uses up A LOT OF ENERGY

Question 35

******in cool condition which plant has the advantage... C3 or C4?

Answer 35

C3 because there stomata isn't closed so they aren't spending lots of ATP or energy to avoid photorespiration because O2 can leave and CO2 can come in

Question 36

C4 plants example...

Answer 36

corn, sugar cane, crabgrass

Question 37

CAM plants separate reactions by? explain?

Answer 37

time .... at night their stomata is open and during the day their stomata is closed

Question 38

at night CAM plants process is........

Answer 38

CO2 fixation to PEP carboxylase to Oxolacate to Malate to be stored in vacuoles

Question 39

during the day CAM plant process is ......

Answer 39

malate in vacuoles will be released and moved to chloroplast to be decarboxylase, and the CO2 will go to rubisco so Calvin cycle can occur (SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS)

Question 40

example of CAM plants..

Answer 40

cacti, jades, pineapple