2- Prime Minister And The Executive Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Chief secretary to the cabinet
A
Most senior civil servant
Impartial guidance to the pm, as well as taking the miniutes of cabinet meetings
2
Q
What is in the king’s speech
A
Parliament proposals for new legislation based on the manifesto that it won the general election on\
Delivered at state opening of each new parliament to commons and lords
3
Q
Secondary/delegated legislation
A
Legislation already passed by parliament can be modified by the gov w/out the need for new primary legislation
Seen aas undemocratic as bypass full parliamentary scruitiny and debate
4
Q
Gov shares in Pm royal prerogative
A
2013 ministry of justice requested a posthumous royal pardon for alan turning- after he was convicted of gross indecencyy with another man in 1952
5
Q
Civil service accountability
A
Not for actions of department as overall policy and administration should have been determined by elected politicians
6
Q
Resignition ministers over policy failures
A
1982
Lord carringdon as foriegn secretary under thatcher
As foreign office should have been made more aware of argentina’s intentions and should have made clearer whtathe response of the british gov would be to any military intervention
7
Q
Amber rudd resignition
A
2018
May home secretary
Resigned as not told truth to hoc when she stated no home offcie targets for removing illegal immigrants- but there was
8
Q
Collective ministerial responsibility
A
All members of gov must publicly support the gov and should not disclose the contents of private ministerial discussions
If defeated in vote of confidence- convention states all members of gov must resign
Eg callaghan lost 1979 311 to 310
9
Q
Coalitions and collective ministerial responsibility
A
Not the case unless in coalition agreement
Eg. Trident renewal
10
Q
Division under may of conservative party
A
Early 2019
3 enormous parliamentary defeats when eurosceptic conservative mps rebelled over her brexit deal proposals
11
Q
Cabinet determining key issues of policy example
A
Callaghan 1976
Cabinet debate freely over whether to accept loan imf
12
Q
Coalitrion gov strengthened david cameron as pm
A
Lasted 5y- fixed term parliament act 2011
Cameron could fulfill most of his manifesto commitments- esp austerity
Collective ministerial responsibility, apply to all areas of policy agreed by coalition agreement
13
Q
Coalition gov weakened cameron as pm
A
-cameron had to give 5 lib dem inc nick l=clegg as deputy pm , cabinet positions
Agree to referendum on av
Hol suspended sialsbury convention so could oppose measures in gov parties manifestos- as no one won
Quad established- core policies first agreed- cameron, clegg, osbourne, danny alexander (lib dem chief secretary to the cabinet)
14
Q
Presidential model in uk
A
‘Spatial leadership’- political writer, michael foley
Pm create own space by distancing from party in order to achieve personal mandate- eg boris
15
Q
Presidential style and media
A
Wilson thatcher and blair
Photo-opportunist- wilson pictured w/ 1960s celebrities eg. Coronation street
Know how to use media to transcend traditional party voters
16
Q
Presidential style- blair
A
Personal- gov decisions as his own ‘this is the Britain I offer you’
Put case for iraq war directly to the public through television discussions and debates
More white house feel- position of chief of staff establiished, §
17
Q
Examples of pm not presidential
A
John major- disunity
Brown- uncharasmatic
May- failed to engage w/ public 2017, lost parliamentary majority
18
Q
Pm vs president- loosing pwer
A
President only for commiting ‘high crimes and misdemeanours’ in defiance of constitution
Pm- lost support cabinet (thatcher) or vote of confidence (callaghan)
19
Q
Prerogative powers of pm examples
A
-determines the membership of the gov- inc cabinet and cabinet committees
-makes senior appointments to the civil service and judiciary
-appoints life peers to hol
-negotiates foreign treaties
-directs military forces to combat
-decides whether to launch trident missiles
20
Q
Pm cast narrative of gov eg.
A
Thatcher- free- market, right wing, uncompromising
Cameron- increasingly socially liberal- legislating in favour of same-sex marriage
21
Q
Asquith quote on the pm style
A
‘The office of pm is what its holder chooses and is able to make of it’
22
Q
How boris presidential
A
-concentration of power no 10
-sidelining cabinet and parliament
-(failed) attempt to appoint allegra stratton- white-house style dailiy press briefinngs
-
23
Q
Marget thatcher presidential
A
Ignored cabinet and parliament
Dominniant style of leadership
24
Q
Evidence large gov department not always needed to be presidential
A
Thatcher- v strong arguably presidential in dominance
25
Monarch influence
-crisis- look to monarch reassurance- speech addresses to nation
-in commonwealth- monarch principler rep of nation, not pm
26
Formal powers of pm
-‘constiutionalised’ not codified constitution
-prerogative powers
-patronage powers
27
Prerogative powers
A type of constitutional power origionally held by monarch and passed down
-declarre war
-sign treaties- anglo-french border treaties nov 2022
Lisbon 2007- eu allowinhg more migration
-recall parliament
-call elections
28
Patronage powers
-appointments exercised on behlaf of monarch
-selecting ministers- no checking quality-kwarteng
-senior civil servants
-judges
-bishops- cofe- hol
-chair bbc
-chief of staff
-awarding honors, peerages (boris brother appointed), knighthood
29
Informal powers
More of these- day to day
0sign of how successful pm is
30
Cabinet management
Decision making authority is utalised by pm
-pm chairs- manages agenda, sums up decisions
31
Party leadership
-often undoing- backbenchers
0underpin all aspects of power and increase pm authority, political leverage
-control parliament through majority
32
Institutionalised support
-spads- ‘pm department’
-senior spads may have formal congrol of civil servants
-alistair campbell for blair
-harol wilson first to introduce in 1960s
33
Access to media- informal power
-pm ‘political celebrity’ ‘spatial leadership’
-pm/spad control gov communications means control over info flow to public (but backbenchers leak)
-more opportunity for pm to act presidential- photo-opportunism
-global crisis- spotlight on pm to deliver
Falklands war 1982- thatcher ‘ my supreme confidence in the british fleet’
Blair- put case for the iraq war to the people
34
Factors affectcing pm power
Ability to use powers, changes with context
-party unity
Majority
Mandate
First term gov
Threat election or resignation
Economic problems
35
How party unity affect pm power
If unified- dominate commons- always be successful
Blair- little impact rebellions- such a big majoirty
36
How majority impact pm power
Commons superior to hol
Larger majority- better cope with rebels
May suffered 28 defeats- minority gov
37
How mandate affect pm power
May failed to gain electoral mandate in 2017
So droppoed many prooposals from manifesto- reforms to social care, mental health and prisons
Also due to brexit
38
How first term gov affect pm power
New gov has ‘honeymoon’ period- goodwill of media and oublic
-any problems can be blamed on previous gov
39
How threat of election or resignition affect pm power
Use as threat
-mps fearful to oppose
-vote to support pm to keep seets
40
Types of pm
Norton identified 4 types
Innovator, reformer, egoist, balancer
41
Innovators
Fight to become pm in order to achieve a particular goal
-if necessary prepared to push and influence party in supportung their programme
Thatcher and blair
42
Reformer
Seeks poer in order to achieve a particluar programme of public policy- largely dictated by party ideological agenda
-may
43
Egoist
Seeks power for sake of havinng power
Principally concerned with ‘here and now’ of uk politics- operate to maintain occupation of no 10
Johnson
44
Balancers
Seek to maintain stability in society
Concerned with currents state of state
Seek to decrease tensions, avoir controversial policies
-brown and major
45
Cabinet gov
-pm supported by civil service- neutral and independannt
-tradtional model of gov- collective responsibility, negotiation, no personal
-mini budget- not cabinet?
-all ministers equal in their capacuty to shape gov policy
-individual ministerial responsibility- w/in department- priti patel- guilty of bullying
-elastic band theory
46
Elastic band theory
Jones
Pm exapands powers, cabinet will reassrrt power otherwise band snap
47
Pm gov
-pm dominate decision making process- spads
-cabinet coordinates rather than making policies- cabinet subordinate
-first suggested by crossman
-rose (Academic_ said pm ‘first without equals’
-development of disciplined political parties- allow pm to use party leadership to generate leaders of party loyalty
48
Core executive model
More realistic
-pm and cabinet work with ‘’core executive’ or network of power
Inc. pm, cabinet, cabinet comm, civil service, pm office, spads
-smith- traditional pm v cabinet gov too simplistic
-wider factors- economu, international diplomavy and circumstances influence workings of gov
49
Constrainst on pm too powerful- no- party power
-if large majority-blair 97- 179 majority
Never lost vote even if rebellion
-commons superior to hol
-no new mps- dependants on the uspport of whips to be promoted
50
Constraints on pm too powerful- yes-party power
-coalition undermines mandate- as have to combine/compromise and no one voted for coalitio
-evenm blair-pushed out by own party- brownites
-97- major- divided party over europe
Maastrict treaty- eec to eu
-if majoirty not great enough- diff to pass laws- may 28 defeats
51
Constrainst too powerful- cabinet- no
-pm can bypass cabinet- may ignore chancellor osbourne
-decrease in influence if have less frequent meetings- blair 15 min ‘breifings’
-cabinet ‘rubber stamping’
-ministers more concerned about own department- respect pm
-increase bilateral decision making and kavagnah ‘sofar gov’
52
Constraints too powerful- cabinet- yes
-if pm bypass can backfire
-need cabinet support to remian in power
Callaghan- resign vote of no confidence
Boris- 50 resignitions in 2022
-cabinet ‘supreme decision making body’
-more powerful in coalition- 2010-15
-important roles for cabinet
Approve decision making elsewhere- covid lockdowns
Emergency crisis- iraq war
Acts to prioritise and carry out gov policy
Check on pm- influence policy- thatcher lost support over poll taxq
53
Contraints on pm too powerful- no - events and election turnout
Falklands war 1982
Thatcher- public image strong
54
Constraints pm too powerful- yes- events and election turnout
-boris- covid and partygate- downfall
Covid undermined ability to deliver on mandate- brexit
-iraq- undermine reforming pm legacy
-cameron pressure from backbenchers for referendum- fear of ukip
-brown delaying calling election 2007- ‘bottled brown’
55
Pm presidential- yes- cabinet
-greater reliance of spads over cabinet and civil service- alister campbel
Wilson 1960s first introduced byt it was blair who intensified
-sofa gov- iraq- military decisions
-‘spatial leadership’
-balir agenda- 15 min briefing- little debate
-before first cabinet meeting- blair and brown planned to transfer interest rate decision making to bank of england- big deciison needed negotiation and scrutiny
-samuels and shugart- ‘clear trend towards presidentialised (through) centralised and leader-centre politics’
-appeal to public= cabinet not needed
56
Pm presidential- no- cabinet
-cabinnet have power- vote of no confidence- callaghan 1979
50 resignitions force brois to reifn
-bagehot cabinet ‘connecting link [ between] the nearly complete fusion of executive and legislation’
-cabnet run own departments-
-cabinet ‘supreme decision making body’
-needed in crisis- boris- covid-19
57
Pm presidential - events and circumstances- yes
-may go agiants party- blair reomval of clause 4- nationalisation
-events allow to appear more presidential
Blair and iraq- commander in chief
Bilateral decision makig- sofa gov
Lack cabinet meetings- chilcot 2016 inquiry
Many in gov felt that early on it was a ‘fait accompli’ so would happen regardless
58
Pm presidential - no- events and circumstances
-general election sucess- permitt or hinder
Pogunthe and webb- parties may let their leaders ‘have their way’ as long as they deliver electoral w=rewards- blair- 179 seat majoirty
-lack of unity-party or cabinet can undermine
King- role of pm is a ‘party job before it is a gov job’
-can cause downfall balir- 2005- 35.2% vote
Hutton (2004) report ‘dogy dossier’, didnt use cabinet enough- not reforming pm
-accountabiluty still present
59
Pm presidential- yes- personality and media
-foreign affairs- g7 and cop27- act in presidential way- but more than just that
-blair ‘milk’ the news- aide campbell- ‘brand-image’ ‘balirism’
More about politics than party- ‘spatial leadership’
-‘populist outreach’ ‘speaking to the people’ - 3h long press conferences- to ensure thta his messag enot diluted by others
-hayton- ‘evident in terms of party competition and election campaifgn’
-cameron- 2014- good slogans ‘better together’
-sesne of mission- blair
60
Pm presidnetial— no - personality and media
Dowding- ‘media {has ben more} personality and not a presidential pm’
Dowding and hefferman- whilst a pm may appear ‘presidential’ in foreign affairs shouldnt be over-generalised
-sense of mission may be lacking due to a short time in power- may- mental health
61
Individual ministerial responsibility
Convention ministers are accountable to parliament for own and dept conudct (inc civil sevrice_
Ministers keep particular info, explain activity and any wrongdoing take corrective action or resign
62
Question time
For ministers mon-thur
Take turns diff departments
Q submitted atleast.3 days in advance, random 25 chosen
25% time reservedd topical q- currently developing in news- seprate ballot
63
Pmqs
12-12.30 on wed
Randomly selected by computer shuffle
Supplementary q not seen in advance as well
Leader of opposition get 6
64
Urgent q
At end of qt for relevant dept
At speakers discression
65
Hol q time
30 mins for 3 oral q/day
Last q topical
66
Select com repport
Reccomendation for ministers after inquiry
Gov has to give reply w/in 2 months
67
Public accounts comm
Dont judge merit of policy
Checkc money spend efficicently, economically and efefective
68
Liason comm
Members are chairs of selct commm
2x/y
69
Miller v secratry of state
Exiting eu 2017
Royal prerogative cannot be used to ammend or repal existinglaws
Leving eu removes rights that were enacted thorugh primary legislation- requires an act or parliament
70
Power of pm enhanced by
General elections results, whilst voting for party- some pms view as direct mandate to them
Mps and members discouraged from criticising pm too strongly as could undermine gob
Backbench rebellion can worsen
71
Ad-hoc groups/inter-ministerial groups
Flexible gathering of only subset of comm members to adress a specific q
More informal- esp under blair sofar gov
Cabinet office recently tured to formalise these by calling them ‘interministerial groups’- claim cannot make binding deciisons
72
Ministerial heirarchy
Secretaries of state, ministers of state, parliamentary under secretary/parliamemnetary private secratry
73
Civil service vs ministers
Permenant v temoroayr
Impartial vs ideological
Anynomous v high profile
Accountable to minister v to parliament
Appoint on merit b political sypport
74
Quad
All major decisions pass thorugh this befor to cabinet- unified front
75
How strong was coalition
Lost 6/65 votes
76
May- strength
Emphasis in campaign of her individual ‘strong and stable’ qualities over the team
‘Car crash’ conference speech oct 2017- solidified image as weaker pm
Greatest challenge ni protocol
77
Boris power
Huge majority unite the party and positive media image- increase ability to establish power
Cummings- leave campaign- exapand no10 operations, centralised gob, mandated all spads to report to him
Politico- aug 2020 ‘johnson is building his own whitehouse’
78
Ministerial selections- problems
Brown preferre dminsiters with whom he could discuss footnall- some labour women felt left them at a disadvantage
Caroline flint in resignition letter accused borwn of using her and other women as ‘little more than female window dressing’
Consigning them to a ‘periphersal role’ while trumpeting his feminist appointments
79
Example of mp big impact on media
Robert halfon
Cameron dubbed him ‘most expenisve mp in parliament’ as cost treasury so much in lost tax revenues
Inc. tax on bingo halls and beer duty- affected sun newspaper readers- so got more writups
80
Example bill showed out of touch
Tax reform bill/osborune budget
Against sun readers
Food such as cornish pasties and sausage rolls sold hot pay same 20% vat as restaurant hot food
20% vat on static caravans
81
Critics of politicians mistakenly claim that it is their privilegdged backgrounds that make them flawed people
Thatcher famously ‘lived above the shop’ but introduced disastrous poll tax
William wilberforce- son of welathy merchant yuet campaigned to end the slave trade
82
Prime minsterial gov- evidence we gave one
Crossman argues pm ncreasingly dominant and influentail- cabinate decrease from what bagehot callled the ‘effcient’ part of the consitution the ‘diignified’
Decline in cabinet nfluence, shorter and less frequent meetings- inncrease size pm office and no spands
Pm controls agenda and length of meetings
Decision making has become ncreasingly moved away from cavinet, most dispute solveed outside of it- eg. Cabinet comm, handpcked by pm, atking decisions more, cabinet ‘rubber stamps’ these decisions
Increase bilateral decsision making between pm and spefici minister- kavanagh calls ‘sofa gov’
Ministers ofteen immersed in own departments and reluctant to challaneg pm duet o that power of patronage
True cabinet gov not practical- commbilateral more efficient
Media focus on pm as tendancy to project them as national rep- seperate from gov institutions wth personal mandate from population
83
Cabinet gov- evidence to suggest we have one
Cabinet retains some useful functions- eg. Coordnate departmental work, approve decisions taken elsewhere
Approve decisions confer legitimacy on cabinet in public oand parliament0- cmr practsied convention- united front
Pm still needs cabinet and support to survive- retraint- jones’ elastic band theory
Convene in times of natoinal crisis- eg war/military action or important domestic events
Theoretically, it’s where govs parliamentary programme is discussed and gov departmental disputes the resolved
Some pm give greater role to cabinet than others or forced to - coaltion gov
Despite growth of pm office, remove small comparible with large departments, enhance respective policy
84
Factor affecting pm relationship with cabinet
Pm managemnt skills
Ability to set agenda
Use of cabinet comm and informal groups
Development of pm office and cabinet office
Political and economic systems
85
Pm management skills - affect realtionship with cabinet
A determinend pm will exploit the ‘elastic’ nature of the role, to contro lteh cabinet
Patrnage power can be used to reshape. Team but reignite balance not alienate
86
Ability to set agenda- relationship with cabient
Senior figures command more weght in the ir wings
Most ministers too concerned with departmental responsibilities to challenge a consensus view on matters where they have limited knwoelgde
Pm right to chair and usm up, keep issues of agenda too (eg wilson)_ and devaluation of pound from 19664-67
87
Use of cabinet comm and informal groups- pm relationship with cabinet
Increased use of cabinet comm to make decisisons- then rubber stamp ratfied by cabinet
Choose composiion, pm significant degree of control- may chaired 3 important com inc brexit
Bilateral gov increaed/sofa gov- boe control on interest rates - blair/brown only made decsion
Coaltion gov required more political discussion in cabinet, but bilateral discussions between relevant con and ld took place- quad
88
Development of pm office and cabinet office- pm relationship with cabinet
Access to more resources
Press office chose with pm- gov message is essential- campbell and blair
Under blair, pm office and cabinet office work closer together to support and coordinate policy across departments
89
Political and economic systems- pm relationship with cabinet
Large majority and uuniited party means pm can gain more ascendaton
Popularity, economic management and ability to master venets rather than be avictim of them- strengthen pm hand with cabinet- thatcher anf faulklands, brown non election and credit crunch
90
Cabinet
Principle comm at heart of uk political system
Rare for cabinet to take decisions collectvely, more likely bilateryally betwen pm and relevant cabinet mnister or in cabinet comm
91
Functions of cbinet
Approve decisions taken elsewhere- cabinet comm
Take occassional emergency decisions- war crisis
Coordinate and prioriitise gov poliyc
Check on pm influence success of their premership- thatcher cabinet strategyy led to her resignition
Individually - minister run ther departments and collectivley pprovide political leadership for their party and nation alongside pm
92
Academic arguemnts for unity that cabinet can bring
Wakeham- cement which. Binds the gov together
Bagehot- connect link (between)) the nearly complete fuusion of exec and legislative powers
93
Academic argument pf crossman on cabinet
[there has beeen a ] transformation of cabinet gov into pm gov
94
Cabainet comm
Sub comm of cabinet
Made up of mnisters, civil servants and spads
Could be semi permenant- established when needed
Preparng policu
Proceedings kept secret
Report to cabinet ‘ubber stamp’ of comm reccommendation
95
Role of exec
Introduce into parliament proposals for new legislation based on manifesto- kings speech- state opening of each new parliament- read out
Introduce legislatiure to change circumstances- doctors mandate- king speech say ‘other measures will be laid before you’
Budget drawn up
Secondary legislation- henry vii clauses- add to existing legislation- skeleton.christmas tree legislation
Wthout requiring scruity as an act of parliament would
96
Factors affecting ministeral appointments
Loyalty to pm and party
Cabinet balance
Diversity
Established pm authorty
Competence/performance in parliament
Expertise and skills
Pool of talent available
97
Loyalty to pm and party- ministerial appointments
Share same ambition and vision for governance through pm
If not—disunity- ear;y resignation which would harm pm politcial standing
98
Cabinet balance- factors affectng ministeria appontments
All wings of a party on side
‘Troublesome’ mps and defeated rivals (if elected by leadership contest)
99
Diversity- affecting ministerial appointments
Sufficient rep diff societal balances- gender race
Needs to be at mnisterial levels not just at junior level
Previous pms (eg major)) criticise with little women
Cameron pledge that 1/3 ministers would be women- inc cabinet- did not acheve
100
Competance/performance in parliament- affecting ministeral appointments
Ability as a communiicator one of key skills needed
Need to be capable of answerng q competently at dispatch box
Votes for/aganst gov motions noticed by whips
101
Established pm authorty-affectng mnisteral appointments
Some sweepng changes- johnson sacked majority of may previisu cabinet
Ithers make changes in increments- major waited until 1992 election to reshuffle- 17 months after initial appontment as pm
102
Expertise and skills- affect mnisterial appontments
Relevant skills experience n field- but not required as have civil servants and spads to guide decisiosn
103
Pool of talent available- affect ministerial appontments
Some are ‘natural backbencers’ or have no ambition for high office- not promoted
Esp affects a pm with small majority which can shrink further if hold onto power for too long- major johnson
Smaller no lack of political heavyweights to be drawn on- arguably the case when brown appointed david miliband as foreign secretary- despite lack experience
104
Ministerial responsibility
Concept that sets put how minister should behave in both their professional and private life
Not fixed law- dont technically need to follow
In theory, should resign if breach this responsibility- not absolutely relatistic in practise- lack of clairty of miniister- should resgn
105
Cases when a minister should resign
Disagree with collective decision/policy of the gov
Major policy failure wthn their department
Fail to comply with acceptable mora lcode of conduct
106
Individual ministerial resposiblity
-set up in mnisterial code- document relating to rules for gov ministers
‘Ministers have a duty to parliament, to accept and be held to account, for the policies, decisions and actions of their departments and agendas’
107
Each minister is responsible for under imr
All actions which take place within their department- role responsibility
Their personal conduct- personal responsibility
Obliged to gve accurate info to parliament and if they knowingly misled- expected to resign- eg boris misled on parties in lockdown
108
What do resiignitions depend on - imr
Seriousness of the case
Level of crticism iin parliament
Level of criticism in the mediia
Ttitude of the pm
109
Examples of imr
Amber rudd resign home sercetary 2018- windrush scandal
Gavin williamson- 2022- minster of state resign over bullying claims
110
Collective ministerial responsibilities
Cmr
Once gov policy on issuue declaration, each minister expected to support in public- share responses for it and keep cabinet dscussion confidential
If cant agree resign
-convention- ensures unanimous and confidentiality
-cmr support cabinet gov model- put pressure on pm to run the gov in consentual way- can add to pm power- enable to control cabinet, accept even if disagree
111
Exceptions ofo cmr
Agreed under coaltion govand support cmr during dvsive refs- 20166 brexit and 2011 av
112
Refusal to reign cmr
20166 brexit- gov took opp approach to cameron
113
Cmr in practise
David davis, boris reisgn brexit secretary 2018- in opp to may withdrawal agreement
114
Role of pm
Lead gov- appont and chair cabinet and make sturcture civil servants
Lead n dff tiemes of crisis- manchester bombings, 7/7 terror attacks
Lead over party
Answers pmq, urgent q, liason comm- accountable for decisions made
Make public appointments- life peers, cofe bishops
International role- rep uk overseas+ cultural servces- g7eu, un
Policy formation- gov actions and policu
Consistent role- act on behalf of and with patronag epowers
115
Thatcher- cabinet coopperation
1981- allowed extensive cabinet debate about howe’s controversial tax- rasing budget
Argentina invaded faulklands 1982- thtacher called emergency meeting of cabinet to debate feasibility of sending a task force to recover faulklands from argentinian occupations
116
Thatcher dominant over cabinet
‘I dont really mind how much my ministers talk, so long as they do what i say’
After victories in argentina 1982+ miners 1984-5- thatcher increasingly assertve in cabinet
19866- westland crises- heseltne resiign as defence secreatry on grounds he wanst being listened to
1989- nigel lawson- chancellor resign nas complained thatcher was listening to her speecial economics adviser- alan walters more than him
Howe reigned0- increasingly eurosceptic speeches
117
Thatcher downfall
Heseltine won support of enough con mps to take his leadership chalenge to a second roound
Cabinet told her to resign0- ‘it was treachery wth a smile’
In the end although she had promised to ‘let her name go forward for the second ballot’- thatcher was elft no choice but to resign on 22nov 1990
118
Blair overall approach
Presidential
‘Command prime-minsitership’
‘Sofa-gov’- bilateral meetings, esp with powell (chief of staff)) and alister campbell
119
Blair cabinet not consulted
Before cabinet even first met- blair and brown decide to give interest rate powers to bofe
Designing to encourage econoimics stability by stopng the gov from manipulating interest rates for its adv
Blair personlaly in favour of buildingmillenium dome- even though most in cabinet did not approve- continue to build it anyway
Preparations for iraq war 2003- publication of chilcot report 20166 showws how blair failed to consult cabinet on advisability of war and many in govaccpet as fait accompli
120
Blair cabinet cooperation
Brown full control of british economy
Brown bocked joining european single currency as five tests not passed
121
Blair downfall
Became elctoral liability
Legalty of iraq war, political fallout of 2005 ge, blair won w/ 38.2% vote
Cabinet wanted blair for new dynamic approach
Young cameron leadership con 2005
200066 blair said would resign in a year
122
Example pm powerful over party
Johnson 2019 remove con whip from 21 mps for their bid to block a no deal brexit
123
Pm powerful in mandate promise
Get brexit done
Eu withdrawal agreement act published jan 2020 v quick- suported red wall mps who owe him
124
Covid cabinet
Smalll court of cabinet ministers and advisers
125
How many reisgnations under johnson
July 2022 crisis
62
126
Truss cabinet style
Cabinet of political allies- 25/31 appointed openly supported her in leadership contest
Most notably kwasi kwarteng
Marginalised one nation faction and those sunak in leadership contest
127
Lack of truss backbench support
1922 committee- grham brady met truss following trubulent vote in hoc over reintroduction on fracking to inform her that she lacked the support of large swathes of parliamentary party
