4- Relations Between The Branches

Question 1

Supreme court

Answer 1

Highest court of appeal in the uk
Established in 2009
12 justices comprise the most senior judges in the country and its judgements can carry great legal, constitutional and political significance
Decisisons it reaches have to be followed in future cases
‘Last word- lord phlips- first presdent

Question 2

Cra 20056

Answer 2

Called fro greater seperation of powers so removed law lords from hol and into seperation sc
And split up roles of lord chancelor

Question 3

Role of sc

Answer 3

Final court of appeal where there is a judicial review of how th egoov has acted
Work of new sc is more open to public scrutn y than had been the case with appellate comm (law lords in hol))
Can determine whether an issue aught to be under the jurisdiction of british gov or devolved body
Final court of appeal fo rall cvil cases across uk and for al criminal cases in eng wales and ni
Scotland- hgh court of judiciary fulfils role as court of appeal for crimnal cases

Question 4

Membership of sc

Answer 4

Determined by a 5 member selection commission made pup of the most semior judges in the uk
Nominations passed to justice secretrary for approval
Has one opportunity to reject a nomination
Once agreed pm asks monarch to make the appointment

Question 5

Ultra vires

Answer 5

Beyond the powers
Action that is taken without the ega authoorty which is required of it

Question 6

Is the uk judiciary ndependant and neutral

Answer 6

Cra- independant appointment process
Neutralituty protected by legal and political restrainst
Tenure, protected saleries
Reforms to lord chancellor have greatly iincreased seperation of powers

Question 7

Cra- independant appointment process- independat and neutral- yes

Answer 7

Created new judicial appointment comm with legal professionals
Position advertised and jac interview candidates before rec to lord chief justce and lord chancellor (who can reject first one))
For sc- select comm, nomnations passed onto judtice secretary for approval, reject once

Question 8

No- cra- iindepenant appontment process- independant and neutral

Answer 8

Lack of dversity- limited neutrality
No etnc minorty just 3 female justces, older- undemocratic
Public confidnece- balanced and fair
Eg. Radmarcher v granatins- all male sc justice ruled in favour of prenup agreemonets but lady hale opposed

Question 9

Neutralitu portected by extensive legal and political restirctions- independant and neutral- yes

Answer 9

Years of experience, ofte as barrister
Reasons to be more transparent- sc livestream of court, public with full written report as well as more concise summary
Political restrictions- can vote but no active political affilations

Question 10

Neutrality portected by extesive legal and political restrictions- no

Answer 10

Inevitable personal views of judges will nfluence the final decision
R (miller) v secretary of state for exiting the eu (2017))
Sc cant detrmine wether gov begin the porcess of exiiting ey using preogrative powers
Daily male- 5 sympathtic to eu, 66 personal relations with remainers

Question 11

Tenure, protected saleries- yes- independant and neutral

Answer 11

Judges life tenure, until 75, retire, cannot be simply fired for decisions that gov disagrees with
Pay cannot be used to influence decisons by ncreasng or decreasng.
Not controled by budget/gov, instead by ndependant review body that sets salery who meet directly from considadory fund (gov bank account bofe)
Anonymity- dont run for office or secure political funding
Subjudce rule- prevents mps. Lords, pg, public fro, discussing impendng court case
Shie;d from overall influence, if break contempt of court- fine criminal proceedings

Question 12

Tenure, protected saleries- not ndependant and neutral

Answer 12

Constiiitutioinal convention to not comment outside ocurt room or gov legislation- exec not comment judges or their decisons- esp hr issues
Eg. 20165- defence secretary- fallon- judiciary broad interpetation of hr udermining armed forces ability to combat terrorism
Mar 2018- president sc applied legal aid changes undermine rule of law- conventional criminals pay 150t 1200 towards cost of their case- over 100 magistrates resign in protest

Question 13

Reforms to lord chancellor have greatly increased seperation of powers- yes more independant and neutral

Answer 13

Historically members of all 33 branches- member of cabinet, rep judiciary iin gov, speaker, head of justice
Cra split up
Lord chancellor- postion of justice secretary, oversee judicial appointments, admission of cases, legal aid and prison sentences
Lord chief justice- presides over lower courts- most senior judge
Lord speaker- elected by peers to preside over hol
Cra requies lord chancelllor- senior member of gov to swear oath to ‘respect the rule of law’ and ‘defend the independence of the judiciairy’

Question 14

Reforms to lord chanceller dont increase independance and neutrality

Answer 14

Cra doesnt require lord chancellor to be a laywer, could be more ambitions, younger minister wuth limited legal experience

Question 15

Is the judiciary now too powerful

Answer 15

Judicial review
Sc power compared to other countries and in past
Constitutional reforms- greater judicial activism
Independance and neutrality

Question 16

Judicial review- is the judiciary now too powerful

Answer 16

1982- 685 applications for judicial review- 20013 over 15,700 applcations- substantal increase in immigration and asylum cases
Pm cameron criticism increase hjr- some ‘welll founded, many completely pointless’
Critics argue jr hold up elected gov- prevents ministers from enacting election mandated promises
Many ‘leave ‘ voters critic when jr sought of con gob planning when had royal prerogatve powers to trgger clause 50- start exit negotiations- application of jr just attempt to frustrate results of ref
Critics argue ref result didnt change the fact that ministers still ahd to act with legal policies

Question 17

Judicial review- is judiciary now too powerful-no

Answer 17

Increased jr essential to rule of law
Av dicey wrote that ‘twn pillars’ of british constution are parliamentary sovereignty and rule of law
Rule of law stresses importance of law over artibitrary power- requires decisions and actions to applied to everyone equally0
Public office and gov have been frustrated when judgedes declare that an action or decision to be illegal processes are imporoper or immoral
When judges rule that decisions of gov minister, are ‘ultra vires’ beyond legal powers- upholding will of parliament- eg. Justice secretary acted uv when ammedned legal aid to restrict civil legal aid

Question 18

Sc power compared to past judicial too powerful- yes

Answer 18

In the past- hra 1998- declalration of ncommpatibilit- uk law conflcits with echr
Due to parliamentary sovereignty- parliament still decisded how to deal with declaratio
Joint comm on hr in 2015 found that since hra in 2000- 29 declarations, 20 final

Question 19

Sc power compared to other countries- judiciary not too powerful

Answer 19

Sc much weaker than other countries as lack codfied constitution
If codified- highest courts have power to strike down any laws passed by legislature- as conflict with ‘higher laws’ in constitutoin
Parliament is soveriegn and one main sources of our constitution are passages in parliament- sc strike down for being unconstitutional

Question 20

Constitutional reforms- greater udicail activism- judiciary now too powerful

Answer 20

Critics hra argue judicial activism- decisions influenced more by personal views of judges than existing laws
Exhr vague-liberal judges increasingly broad view of rights are protected- eg. Echr requires its convention and powers gaurentee to ‘everyone within their jurisdiction’- traditionally judiciary wthin state body- smith v mod 2013- echr intrperted as expanded for brtish soldiers
Hra rases judges to answeer q more personal than legal- once ‘non-justicable’ as rased policy best left to parliament, now in sc due to hr implications- more subjective
Eg. Nicklinson- right to day- court decided had to be debated in parliameent

Question 21

Judiciary not too powerful- constitutional reforms- law making rule and judges support judicial restriant

Answer 21

Judges cannot be proactve- as must wait for cases be bought to them
Judiciary always nterpet statitute law
Crtics for judiciary overstep constitutional barriers- ncklinson v ministry of health- decided debated in parliament

Question 22

Independance and neutrality- jduciairy too powerful

Answer 22

Inevitable personal views will influence somewhat
R miller v secretary of state for exiting eu- whether should begn process of withdrawing from eu using preogative powers
Daily mail- 5 sympathtic to eu, 66 personal relations wth remainers

Question 23

Independance and neutrality- judiciary not too powerful

Answer 23

Pay cannot be used to influence
Independant review body sets, meet with consilidatory fund- gov bank account in bofe rather than budget
Subjustce role- previsou mps, lord, pg, media, public from discussing iimpending court cases- shielded from influence- if break, contempt of court
Years of experience- often as barrister
Transparency needed- release full and summarised report of how and why came to conclusion
Sc livestream court
Pledge of ndpendance oath

Question 24

System of executive in uk

Answer 24

Executve sits within parliament- exec and legislature are fused
As a result of palriamentary sovereignty- exec accountable to hoc as reps will of british people through mps elected

Question 25

Elective dictatorship

Answer 25

Lord hailsham 19766 Stated the ability of a british gov to dominate parliament meant it was essentally an elective dictatiorship

Question 26

How elective dictatorship is the case

Answer 26

Gov exerts control over parliamentary business- limits opportunity for opp to debate gov legislation Public bill comm- gov majority and whipped- unlikely for opp to be able to significantly ammend Gov with large parliamentary majority should be able to rely on supprt of its mps to pass legisative porgramme it wishes Gov change the law w secondary legislation- hoc less power of scruityny Pm patronage powers and gov use of whis as ministerial selection- encouraged loyalty Royal prerogatve- pm dont have to legally consult parliament on use british military forces- eg may 2018 Sailsbury convention- hol not attempt to stop govlegislation in manifesto- obstruct public voice

Question 27

But arguably extent of elective dictatorship depends on

Answer 27

Minority or majorty gov- loyalty of backbenchers Confidence of gov- may be undermined if opp strong and united under strong leader

Question 28

Examples of weak parliament bbut strong exec

Answer 28

1979-87- thatcher determined leadershp, sucess faulklands war (increase majority to 144), dvisions in labour- fracture and formation of sdp Foot and kinnock struggle to effectively challenge policy in hoc 1997-2001- blair landslide 179- united under third way, conservatives worst election since 18332- 1665 mps- divisions over eu and ineffective leader haugue Boris-2019- 80 seat majority- labour under corbyn divided and lack of unty on brext

Question 29

Examples strong parliament- weak exec

Answer 29

1974-79- wilson won with 3 seats majorty, 19766 callaghan took over, election deefeats, s^&c liberals Vote of confidence lost 3310-311 2005-2010- post 2005 blair decrease influence over controversiies in iraq, majority down to 600 searsm backbencher less loyal, 2005 lost first parliamentary bote- increased detention for terrorist suspects for yp to 90 days Brown 20007- fced cameron who questioned hiis authorty 2017- may snap election, s&c dup, diff pass brexit legislationq

Question 30

Increase control on gov by parliament in hoc

Answer 30

Wright coomm 2009- increased powers to backbenchers 2010- backbench business comm established- determine what they want to debate for 35 days of each parliament Mps raise important topic for debate- regardless if gov for or not Chairs select comm- elected and paid- not whipped Public accounts comm- scrutinise effectveness of gov spending Convention hoc consulted on mlitary opporations 2003- iraq- expectatoin arose 20013- syrai bombing defeated- 30 con and 9ld vote agianst 20018 may- royal prerogative- raf airstrike syria chemical weapons installations

Question 31

Hol- increased control on gov by parliament

Answer 31

Recent, since removal most hereditary peers, greater professional expertise lost inbuiilt con majority- more balanced Ncrease willing to use powers- 199-2010- 450 defeasts hol Eg detendtion of terrorist supsects to 90 dyas 2015 lords more controlling- oppose chancellpr to cut welfare cedits- against parliament act 1911- but lords claimed could as secondary legislation

Question 32

Aims of the eu

Answer 32

Encourage peace, proseperity and liberal democracy Through four freedoms, money/social.political union, common foreign and defence policu, protection hr

Question 33

Four freedoms

Answer 33

Core economic aspiration of european intergration Free movement of: Goods- member states not mpose tarrifs on goods from another member state Services- open up and operate in any member state Capital People- no internal barriers- work in any member state and able to claim some sort of social benefit

Question 34

Money union

Answer 34

Maastricht treaty 1992- euroepan integration to aspire both economic and monetary union 1999- euro ntroduced as trading currency 2002- foundiing eu members replaced to euro

Question 35

Social unity

Answer 35

Maastrict traty- social chapter- certain rights for all workers in eu Health and safety, freedom from discrimiination, equal treatment men and women, paid holiday, working hours and condtions, parental leave on birth of child

Question 36

Protection of hr

Answer 36

2000 charter of fundemental rights of eu became law in all member states who ratified lisbon treaty in 200008 Overlap echr Only applies to areas compatible wth eu law and cj

Question 37

Political union

Answer 37

1992 maastricht- change name eec to eu- common citixenshp

Question 38

Common and foreign defence policy

Answer 38

Lisbon treaty 20070- eu legal identuty- negotiate on equal terms with nation states and eu diplomatic services Establish full time president of european commision and high commissioner for forigh=n affairs- rep eu in dealing with other world leaders

Question 39

Eu miigrant crisis

Answer 39

Caused by syrian civil war, conflict libya, climate crisis, Fears of ‘alien culture’ ncrease extremist party in eu- eg. Nigel farage- encourage support brexit

Question 40

Has eu achieved its objectives- yes- economic

Answer 40

2018 eu gdp $19.7bn, second bigest economy in the world 22% value global economy Euro worlds second reserve currency after us dollar

Question 41

Has eu achieved its objectives- no - economic

Answer 41

Austerity pprogramme demanded by european commision and european central bank in response to euro crisis Undermine support for eu in sothern europe= greece, taly, spain , portugal

Question 42

Has eu achieved its objectives- four freedoms- yes

Answer 42

Implemented measures to make eu biggest singl emarket in world Providing eu citixens with right to live, work or study in any member state

Question 43

Has eu achieved its objectives- no- four freedoms

Answer 43

Removal of barriers to free flow of workers has encouraged increase populaist parties across euorpe committed to proect their workforce from ‘foreign’ competition Migrant criss exposed big tensions between liberal countries of germany, ffrance gov and more defensive of hungary and itlay

Question 44

Has the eu achieved its objectives- political unity- yes

Answer 44

2018 eu expanded to have 28 memberswith turkey, macedonia, albania, serbia and montenegra have applied to join Expansion of eu has encouraged democracy in former comm states in eastern europe European charter of fundemental freedoms entrenched core civil liberties n europe Provided lead on issues such as combatting climate change- reposnible for most environmentally friiendly legislation in world

Question 45

Has eu achieved its objectives- political unity- no

Answer 45

Expanded eu diluted ts purpose- more diff t oachive a united european reposne- eg. Response to crimea, ukraie and syrian civil war Commitment members states such as hunagru and poland to democratic principles of eu is disputable- undermine eu sense of common purpose Lttle progress made on establishing a european sense of dentty- national identity even been strengthened as a result of free movement workers and imigration issues

Question 46

Impact of leaving eu on uk parliamentary soverignty -

Answer 46

Miiller case 20017- responsibiliity of parliament to inituate brexit proecess by triger article 6550 lison treaty rather than exec, because brexit entailed repeal of 1972 european comm act which enabled a no rights in uk law Eu withdrawal bill 2018- translate eu laws in uk law so parliament can scrutinise to decide which can be retained ammended or repealed Clarified treaties - india first one- fast track citizenship

Question 47

Parliamentary soverignty still under threat post brexit

Answer 47

Soverignty lies with public-r ef, 2019 ge won on ‘get brexit done’ will of peopele- political speverigngy Gov reserves rigt to review legislation without ful parliamentary scruity 2022 retained eu law bill- any eu law not specifically retained would expire at end of 2023- without ful scrutiny, welsh ass oppose

Question 48

Political sovergnty

Answer 48

Abslute authority Since legislative authority derives from public (mandates)), the public may be said to exercise political soveriegny

Question 49

Legal soverigenty

Answer 49

Legal right to exercise soveriegnty Reps right of parliament to enact legislation which has dssolved authortuty and cannot be overtuned by another other body 20166 eu ref- gov soverign will of people conflict wth parlianent

Question 50

Extent to which soverignty has merged/moved between branches- referendums

Answer 50

Transfer authoruty from peoples rep in parliament to direct democracy Eg brexit 73%mps opposed, 2017 hoc vote 498-114 to allow gov to start negotiations to exit eu Resilts of ref not legally binding as q is advisery- but constitutionally problematic if ask and ignore Blair set precendent where mps called to determien the opinion of public on important constitutional q- scottish indepndance and brexit

Question 51

Strong exec- how sovergnty moved between branches

Answer 51

With large parliamentary majority- few constraints Esp srtong with support of media- eg balir

Question 52

Devolution- how soverignty moved betwen branches

Answer 52

Changes in location of soverignty arguably evolving into quasi-federal state where soverignty increasiingly shared by constituent members of yj Westminster can legally reclaim these powers Eg. Ni 2002-2007 direct rule restablished Scot and wales only disolve devolved body with ref- scot act 200166 and wales act 20017

Question 53

Royal prerogative- sovegnty moved betwen branches

Answer 53

Exterted by pm- certain areas palriament not seoverign Choosing liife peers and anglican bishops Decisde whos in cabinet Mliitary actiion- but snce balir paliramnet expect to be consulted on military action- buut in 2018 may did not

Question 54

Eu - soverignty moved between branches

Answer 54

When part of eec-eu- uk accept eu law over domestic law Eg. Factortame case 1991- proven over fishing

Question 55

Hra- how soveriegnty moved betwen branches

Answer 55

Encorperate echr into british law Falls short of being a codified constitution - parts can be suspended - eg aarticle 665 suspended after 9/11 allowing gov to hold foregn terrorist supsects indefnitely without trail Act of parliament can stilll become law f in defiance of terms of hra- contradction highlighted by delcaration of ncompatibility Eg prisoner voting 2011 defeated 234-22 217 compormise for tiny no prisoners

Question 56

Globalisation- soveriegnty moved between branches

Answer 56

Eg. Members pf international criminal court and international court of justice- undermining uk soevriegnty Yj experience lobby tradining laws of WTO Commitment to article 65 nato- attack on one, attack on all Uk gov cant control captal flows and flights- control over econ practically diff

Question 57

Etv westminster parliamentary soverignty has been undermined

Answer 57

Loa ues Devolution most Exec depends Sc less so

Question 58

Devolution- westminster soveriignty undermined- yes

Answer 58

Ni an scot- tax varying powers Scot high court of judiciary- appeal criminal cases Increase appetite indepnedance 2014 scottish indepneance- snp Strugeon reattempt in 20023- but failed with sc case Increase nationalism- palid cymru iincrease support, snp 566/59 sears n 20015 westminster Westminster dissolve wales and scot only if ref- scot act 20166, wales act 2014

Question 59

Devolution- westminster parliamentary soverignty undermined- no

Answer 59

Regional devolution rejected Ne 2004 ref, 78% no, 400%^ turnout Westminster power to remove direct rule in nortehrn ireland 2002-2007

Question 60

Exec and parliament- westminster soverignty undermined- YES

Answer 60

Large majority- 1997-2001- blair Landslide 179 majorty, unted party under blair0– 3rd way Can splt under euu and weak hague 1979-87 thatcher determined leadership, increae majority 144 post faulklands, divsion in labor, lost to sdp, foot and kinnock not as effective to oppose in hoc ‘Elective dictatorhsip’ Public bill comm- whipp and ministerial appointments Royal preorgative- 20018 may- raf airstrikes on syrian chemical weapon installation without parliamentary apporval

Question 61

Exec and parliament- not undermining parliamentary soverignty

Answer 61

Depends on factors- minority gov, loyalty backbenchers 2017 may, dup s&C, strugggle with brext negotaitions, snap election Recleaim decrease power of gov by parliament- wright comm 2009, 2010 bbc- 35 days to debate what want without nteferneace Select com and clhair elected and paid f Convention hoc military opperations- after iraq 2003

Question 62

Sc- yes- parliamentary soverignty undermne

Answer 62

Hra 1998- declalration incompatibilty- limiit legit of gov Since 200 uk 29 Prisoner otng not allow Judges review hold elective gov on previsuoly mandated election promises- leave bvoters- miller v secretary of state for extiting eu, article 500 sued progatino of power- frustrate ref turnout Should be envoked by parliament

Question 63

Sc- not parliamentary sovergnty undermined

Answer 63

No codifeied consttution so cant stike down laws for being unconstritutional Parliament can ignore delcarations of incompatibility- prisoner voting

Question 64

Argument hol not powrful- therefore exec does threaten parliamentary soveirignty

Answer 64

Money bills just pass in hoc Hol can hold up a bil for one year, afterwards can pass wihout aporval of hol Eg. Sexual offences (amendment) act 2000- lower age of consent to 16 in uk, in line with heterosexual relationships Hunting act 2004

Question 65

Sc case against usse of parliament act

Answer 65

Jackson v attorney general- parliament act used unlawfully in hunting act 2004 Found not the case

Question 66

Importance judicial review

Answer 66

Dyson- the consututional protection afforded by judicial review. It is the courts that are the guardians of the rule of law December 2012, the Secretary of state for Justice said: Judicial Review is a critical check on the power of the state providing an effective mechanism for challenging decisions of public bodies to ensure that they are lawful’

Question 67

Impact leaving eu on pariamentary soveirgnty- devolution yes

Answer 67

Eng and wales vote leave Ni protocol= 2024 dup returned stormont with new deal safegauridng union- decreased checks and paperwork in goods gb to ni- change winsor framework- debated before officially beome law

Question 68

Impact of leaving eu on uk palriamentary soiveinty- no devolution

Answer 68

Ni and scot- accelerated scot indepndence calls sturgeon declared her ‘intention to hold a second indepndance referendum in autumn of 2023’- gov opposed ans sc ruled against Greater diff winsor framework Arguably 2024 changes to winsor framework show how devolved body held hostage gov- dup refuse sit Ni protocols keep ni within eu common market

Question 69

Impact of levaing eu on uk parlianntary soveingty- sc- y

Answer 69

Ruled aginast exec miller case- prerogation of parliament as unjustified attempt to curtail debate and scruity brexit Uphold devolution wth indyref 2 case 2022- referenced from lord advocate of devolution Since brexit no longer bound by ecj

Question 70

Impact of leaving eu on uk parliamentary soveinty- sc- no

Answer 70

Ecj used with ni protocols check upholld eu

Question 71

Impact of leving eu on uk palriamentary soveingty- pm-y

Answer 71

Weakness power of pm- cameron step down 2016 ref, may 3 times failed toget brexit deal- snap election 2017 gave her minority gov Johnson won control of parliamentary agenda in a bid to stop a no deal brexit- recovered 80 seats tmajority in 209- secured passage of withdrawal agreemennt bill 2 new dpt made- internat trade and exiting eu (mau), minister of state for brexit options

Question 72

Impact of leaving eu on uk palriamentary soveingty- pm- no

Answer 72

Comm european scruity unlike other select comm not having elected chair with opp mps less holding gov to account in recent years, dominated by pro brexit mps

Question 73

Factortame

Answer 73

Established principle that when european and british law clased- european law must take precedence Eu single market member states of eu cannot restrict access to each other fishing grounds, common fisheries policy in eu also set quotas of fish can be caught to preserve fishing stocks - threatened british fishinh industry 1988 merchant shipping act limited ability of foriegn vessels to fish in british waters in definace common fisheries policy and four freedoms of eu- spanish fishing company fatcortame appealed hol (highest court- came up with this judgement

Question 74

Name of rwanda sc case

Answer 74

Aaa v sec of state for home dpt (2023)

Question 75

Lack of gov respect

Answer 75

On judges 94% judges felt this in 2020 survey All party parliamentary group ion democracy and the constitution Found that judges faces soft pressure by a combination of ministerial attacks and threats of reform

Question 76

Judicial review act

Answer 76

2-22 Allow the range of options available to judges increased Grant more limited remedies when public body acting unlawfuly Limiting use of certain type of judicial review

Question 77

Judicial review sucessful

Answer 77

Down 2020-21 5t0- 2.2%

Question 78

Devolved gov and sc

Answer 78

2018 majority sc fofund ni abortion restrictions incompatible with human rights- technical reasons no declaration of incompatiblity At time devolved gov supsended, so judgement increased presusre on uk gov to decriminalise abortion in ni occured oct 2019

Question 79

Landmark judicial review cases

Answer 79

Unison v lord chancellor 2017- ruled employment tribunal fees unlwfl as prevented fair access to justice- policy ahd caused a 70% drop in no of tribunal cliams, esp lower income workers Appellant v sec state for work and pesnions 2019- bedroom tax to partners of serverly disabled people with a spare room breached right to a home under hra as space needed medical equipment

Question 80

Exmaple ultra vires found

Answer 80

Miller v sec state existing eu Reilly v sec of state for work and pensions 2013- by introducing a welfare to work policy- to avoid potentioal 130 mill compensation bill- gov passed retrospective legislation 2013

Question 81

Changes to immigration policy before rwadna

Answer 81

December 2020, the Home Office published a number of changes to the Immigration Rules, that took effect once the Brexit transition period ended on 31st December 2020. Paragraphs 345A to 345D of the revised Immigration Rules state that an asylum claim Then, they must be able to prove to authorities there that they meet the criteria to be covered by refugee can be ruled ‘inadmissible’, and the merits of the claim do not need to be considered, if the individual protections. Not every asylum seeker will be recognized as a refugee. had the opportunity to apply for asylum in an alternative safe country, before they reached the UK.

Question 82

Rwanda safe country bill

Answer 82

Memorandum of understanding Rwanda safe third country under uk immigration rules

Question 83

Direct rule recently

Answer 83

2022 dup refused to sit after ni protocol

Question 84

Why is the winsor agreement a threat to soveriegnty

Answer 84

Good friday agreement- popular soveriegnty Popular soveriegnty of leaving eu Eu

Question 85

Where does royal prerogative come from

Answer 85

Consists of powers recognised by judge made common law as belonging to the monarchy Thus can be changed

Question 86

Sc protect parliamentary soveirenty

Answer 86

Unlimited power to prerougue parliament incompatible with lady hale two fundamental principles- parliamentary sovereignty and parliamentary accountability With johnson preorgation necessary to prepare an ‘ambitious new legislative agenda’ far from reaosnable justification Miller v pm 2019