2) Running Gait Cycle and Athletic Shoe Evaluation Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
Running
A
- Most popular recreational sport
- Biomechanics differ from walking
- Responsible for many lower extremity injuries
2
Q
Stride
A
- Foot strike to ipsilateral foot strike
3
Q
Step
A
- Foot strike to contralateral foot strike
4
Q
Speed
A
- Stride length + stride cadence
5
Q
Forces
A
- 3 – 4x body weight at contact
6
Q
Kinetics vs. kinematics
A
- Kinetics = causes
- Kinematics = effects
7
Q
Pelvis and running
A
- Function: maintain balance and keep center of gravity over support leg
- Pelvic motion is the key to postural control
8
Q
Support phase
A
- Contact phase, 20 – 35 %
- Foot strike
- Midsupport
- Propulsion
9
Q
Non-support phase
A
- Forward recovery phase, 65 – 80 %
- Follow through
- Forward swing
- Foot descent
10
Q
Foot strike (0-25%)
A
- Ankle dorsiflexed, knee flexed, lower extremity inverted
- Toe strike: (sprinters) Midtarsal joint provides control
- Midfoot strike: most runners
- Heel strike: “normal”; long distance runners
11
Q
Midsupport (35-40%)
A
- Knee flexion and subtalar joint pronation are maximal (shock absorption)
- Patellar cross: as one legs passes the other
12
Q
Propulsion (70-90%)
A
- Begins with foot lift and ends with toe lift
- Active subtalar and midtarsal joint supination
13
Q
Non-support phase (forward recovery phase)
A
- Majority of the running gait cycle
- Involves a change in direction twice (more energy expenditure than in support phase ?)
14
Q
Follow through
A
- From toe lift until leg velocity = 0
- Continued extension of the hip with rapid flexion of the knee and ankle
15
Q
Forward swing
A
- Transference of angular momentum: hip flexors allow the leg to move faster than the body
- Forward movement of the leg
16
Q
Foot descent
A
- Begins with hip and knee extension and ends with foot contact
17
Q
Double float phase
A
- One foot in follow through and the other in foot descent
- Neither foot is in contact with the ground
18
Q
Running compared with walking
A
- Less time in the support phase
- Double float phase
- Decreased angle of gait
- Decreased base of gait
- Increased limb varus
- Increased velocity of stj / mtj pronation
- Increased ankle joint dorsiflexion at foot contact
19
Q
Running vs. walking
A
- Greater ROM and force generated at the first MTPJ in walking vs. running
- Slower running associated with a greater overuse injury rate vs. faster running
20
Q
Running shoe construction
A
- Last: board, slip or combination
- Outersole: carbon rubber, tire rubber, blown rubber, gum rubber
- Midsole: Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyurethane foam
- Upper: leather, canvas or Gortex
21
Q
Running specific shoes
A
- Extra heel cushioning
- Low – cut to allow for ankle motion
- Minimal lateral stability
22
Q
Basketball specific shoe
A
- ¾ - top construction for lateral stability
- Firm upper for torsional stability
- No additional heel cushioning
23
Q
Cross-trainers
A
- Ok if doing a little of everything and < 10 miles / week running
24
Q
Running specific shoe exception
A
- Ok for walking
- A walking shoe has a more rocker sole configuration which better approximates walking, though
25
Shoe flexibility
- Forefoot (toe box) should be flexible
- Midfoot (shank) should be stable (not flexible)
- Rearfoot should be firm
26
Problems / solutions
- Hallux limitus: a more rigid toe box would be desirable
- Rigid toe box: may contribute to anterior tibial shin splints
- Flexible shank: notorious for causing plantar fasciitis
27
Last construction
- Slip (sock – type, one piece construction)
- Board (fiber board skeleton, most anti-pronation shoes)
- Combination (most shoes)
28
Last shape
- Straight (rectus foot; anti-pronation)
- Curved (cavus foot)
- Semi-curved (most shoes)
29
Running shoe categories
- Neutral cushioning
- Neutral cushioning with midtarsal joint control (pronation)
- Stability cushioning: Subtalar and Midtarsal joint control
- Motion (pronation) control: subtalar and midtarsal joint
- Motion control: global
30
Motion (pronation) control (midsole modifications)
- Higher durometer EVA or polyurethane
| - External plastic bars or cups
31
Cushioning (midsole modifications)
- Specialized EVA
- Gel components
- Compressed freon gas (Nike)
32
Running shoe styles
- Standard training shoes
- Lyte training
- Racing flats
- Trail shoes
33
Minimalist/other shoes
- Nike “Free”
- Vibram “five-finger”
- Newton shoe
- The best advice: they are not for everyone !
34
Rocker shoes
- Stable (hard / firm heel)
- Unstable (soft heel)
- Unstable rockers require a stable knee
- Useful for a variety of problems
35
Barefoot running
- Recent popularity
- Experienced runner
- Gradual introduction
- Compact sand / turf surfaces initially
36
Shoe weight
- NOT a good way to select an appropriate athletic shoe
| - A light shoe is not necessarily desirable
37
Fit (feel)
- Subjective
| - “If it feels right, it probably is” (assuming that the other criteria have been met)
38
Running shoe replacement time frame
- Running shoes should be replaced every 200 – 400 miles
| - For those who run every day: buy two pairs and rotate them
39
Patient Rx: shoe selection
- Sport specific
- Trainer / trail / racing flat
- Motion / cushioning needs : biomechanically correct shoe
- Check flexibility: toe box
- Price: > $ 85.00
- Fit (feel): Their call !
- Weight: Forget about it
- Proper size: Thumb width
40
Excessive pronator shoe prescription
- Some degree of motion control shoe (usually 3 levels available)
41
Excessive supinator shoe presecription
- Cushion with stability
| - Currently no reverse-density midsole available ( other than custom, Bart Hersey shoes)
42
Sock influences
- Blister formation (friction)
- Perspiration
- Comfort (hot / cold)
- Tinea pedis / onychomycosis
- Acrylic / CoolMax fibers reduce blister formation and “breath” better than cotton socks !!
43
Eliminating perspiration: the wicking effect (from best to worst)
- CoolMax
- Acrylic
- Polypropylene
- Wool
- Cotton
44
Sock fiber type --> Sport
- Acrylic --> Golf, tennis, hiking
- Acrylic / wool --> Outdoor – cold
- Acrylic / Thermax --> Outdoor – cold
- Acrylic / CoolMax --> Outdoor – warm
- CoolMax --> Running, cycling
