2) Running Trends and Injuries 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Running trends
A
- Barefoot running
- Minimalist running
- Forefoot running (pose method)
- Maximalist shoes
2
Q
Running shoe styles
A
- Standard training shoes
- “Lyte” training
- Racing flats
- Minimalist shoes
- Newton shoe (Pose running method)
- Most recently: Maximalist shoes
3
Q
Hoka shoes
A
- Marketed as a “recovery shoe”
- Very stable (wide)
- VERY cushioned and “easy on the feet”
- Rocker technology
- No medical conclusions as of ye
4
Q
Barefoot fallacies
A
- Injury rates have not decreased over the last 40 years so running shoes must be the problem (the running population is different now than in the 1970’s)
- Anecdotal testimonials (injuries cured when shoes discarded)
5
Q
Consequences of cushioned running shoes
A
- De-stabilizes gait
- Do not significantly reduce impact forces
- Inhibits proprioception
6
Q
Negative effects of shoes
A
- Promote heel strike
- Reduce sensory feedback
- Increased joint torsional forces
- Decreased efficiency
- Shoes allow runners to adopt a gait style that increases stride length and decreases cadence, thus increasing impact forces and joint torques
7
Q
Positive effects of shoes
A
- Protection from hard man-made surfaces
- Comfort
- Enable a greater variety of people to run
8
Q
Shoe design: injury prevention
A
- Most running injury research implicates excessive pronation and/or excessive impact forces as major causes
- In recent years this has been challenged
- Newer theories: “muscle tuning”, neuromuscular responses, muscle atrophy, “unnatural gait” and altered limb stiffness caused by footwear
9
Q
Proposed injury mechanisms influenced by shoes
A
- Altered muscle activation
- Asynchronous joint coupling
- Altered joint alignment
- Increased impact forces
- Inhibited proprioception
- Improper or excessively worn footwear
10
Q
Gait in shoes
A
- Higher impact forces
- Longer stride length
- Lower stride frequency
- Decreased net efficiency
- Energy return of shoes is exaggerated
- Decreased proprioceptive feedback
11
Q
Barefoot gait
A
- Lower impact forces
- Shorter stride length
- Higher stride frequency
- Higher net efficiency
- More efficient energy return of foot
- Optimal proprioception
12
Q
Barefoot vs. shoes research
A
- Inncreased joint torques at hip, knee, ankle in shoes vs. barefoot
- Increased rearfoot movement, total and rate of pronation in shoes vs. barefoot
- Decreased awareness of impact and foot position awareness in shoes vs. barefoot
- Decreased running efficiency in shoes vs. barefoot
13
Q
Barefoot running is more economical
A
- VO 2 testing has shown increased economy and lower oxygen consumption over short (30 min) distances
- Shoes produce a “mass effect” and material compression results in energy loss
14
Q
Minimalist shoes
A
- Less cushioning
- Less stability
- Less weight
15
Q
Racing flats
A
- The original “minimalist” shoe
