2-sleep and states of consciousness

Question 1

DEFINE CONSCIOUSNESS

Answer 1

awareness of internal/external stimuli

Question 2

Consciousness continuum

Answer 2

some levels are connected to awareness and others are not and the brain is considered to be inherently conscious, extending down to levels that are eventually very basic and non-reflective.

Between deep sleep (no awareness) and full consciousness (full awareness)

Question 3

FOUR BASIC PROPERTIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Answer 3

1. it is intentional
   
   1. always doing something
2. It has unity
   
   1. Takes info from all your senses
   2. Integrates it into a unified experience
3. It is selective
   
   1. Includes some objects but not others
   2. Can tune into certain changes
4. It is transient
   
   1. Has a tendency to change

Question 4

circadian rhythms

Answer 4

24-hour cycles that are a part of the body’s internal clock

Question 5

Hypothalamus

Answer 5

• above pituitary gland, main center of HOMEOSTASIS!!
  
  • Tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level within a biological system

Question 6

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 6

• brain’s clock mechanism in hypothalamus
  
  • Axons of light-sensitive neutrons provide info

Question 7

Melatonin

Answer 7

• hormone that is important regulator of sleep-wake cycles
  
  • Stimulated by darkness
  • Inhibited by light

Question 8

Pineal gland

Answer 8

endocrine structure located inside the brain, releases melatonin, thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep

Question 9

Chrono type

Answer 9

• individual differences in one’s sleep-wake cycle
  
  • Morning bird vs night owl

Question 10

Sleep regulation

Answer 10

refers to the brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycles with the outside world

Question 11

homeostatic function of sleep?

Answer 11

• Restore resources used throughout the day (contested)
• Reduce predatory risk (contested)
  
  • No moving during night
  • But… animals with strong predatory risk at night have evolved to sleep at night
  • Negative relationship or no relationship with numbers of sleep at night and ?????? SOMETHING
• Healthy functioning (see next slides)
• Memory and learning

Question 12

what brain areas control the sleep-wake cycle?

Answer 12

• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
  
  • Contains SCN—biological clock of body
  • Regular slow-wave sleep
• Pons
  
  • Important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Question 13

what hormones are sleep associated with

Answer 13

• Melatonin
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• And growth hormone
• Pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH
  
  • Important in regulating the reproductive system
• Pituary gland also secrets growth hormone—physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes

Question 14

sleep rebound

Answer 14

if you stay up all night and sleep longer

Question 15

Sleep debt

Answer 15

chronically getting fewer hours of sleep than we need

Question 16

effects of sleep debt?

Answer 16

• decrease mental alertness
• Reduced cognition
• Depressive-like symptoms
• Obesity
  
  • Blood pressure
  • Levels of stress hormones
  • Reduced immune function
  • Risk of diabetes
• Hallucinations

Question 17

jet lag

Answer 17

collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

Question 18

Rotating shift

Answer 18

• work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis—disruption
  • Associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job

Question 19

stage 1 of sleep

Answer 19

1. alpha waves: lower frequency higher amplitude
   
   1. Early stages of sleep
   2. Very relaxed but awake
   3. Decrease in overall muscle tension and core body temperature
   4. Towards the end: theta waves
      
      1. Lower frequency and higher amplitude

Question 20

stage 2 of sleep

Answer 20

1. Beta waves: lower frequency and higher amplitude than alpha waves
   
   1. Has sleep spindles!
   2. Has k-complexes

Question 21

sleep spindles

Answer 21

The random spike!
1. Involved with learning and memory
2. Rapid bursts of higher frequency brain waves

Question 22

K-complexes

Answer 22

very high spikes, high amplitude
1. Last check in with the environment

Question 23

stage 3 of sleep

Answer 23

1. Slow wave sleep(delta waves)—lowest frequency, highest amplitude waves
   
   1. Some dreams occur in stage 3
   2. Heart rate and respiration slow dramatically
   3. More difficult to wake someone up
   4. People with higher levels of alpha wave brain activity during stage 3 and stage 4 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking

Question 24

REM sleep

Answer 24

2. brainwaves looks like it is awake
3. rapid movements of the eyes
4. You DREAAAAMMMMM
5. Also associated with paralysis of muscle systems with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible
6. Implicated in various aspects of learning and memory

Question 25

REM rebound

Answer 25

5. when people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, will spend more time in REM to recoup the lost time in REM\ 1. Suggests that REM is homeostatically regulated 2. Also maybe involved in emotional processing and regulation

Question 26

adaptive function of sleep (theory for why we sleep)

Answer 26

- evolutionary psychology! - Sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day - Reduce energy expenditures! - But… little research that supports this--Why not periods of rest and inactivity? - Or… sleep is an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness! - Sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm - But relationship between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal

Question 27

cognitive function of sleep (theory for why we sleep)

Answer 27

- importance for cognitive function and memory formation - Slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task - Essential for effective memory formation! - Increased capacities for creative thinking, language learning, and inferential judgements - Is possible that processing of emotional info is influenced by certain aspects of sleep

Question 28

Manifest content

Answer 28

what we dream

Question 29

Latent content

Answer 29

what the dream means

Question 30

modern thoughts about dreams

Answer 30

- activation-synthesis model - Response to the external world - Dream about what’s happening in our lives I WILL UPDATE THIS SLIDE BC THIS IS LIKE NO INFO