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Sp. Phys 1 > 2. Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

2. Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters Flashcards

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1
Q

electrical synapse

A

2 neurons are connected by a gap junction which allows electrical current to flow directly from one cell to another

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2
Q

connexin

A

located on pre and post synaptic clefts with very small gap between

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3
Q

size of electrical synapse gap

A

3nm

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4
Q

gap junction

A

aggregates of intercellular channels that permit direct cell–cell transfer of ions and small molecules

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5
Q

types of ions/molecules that can pass through gap junction

A

Ca2+
IP3
cAMP
Na+
etc

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6
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A

affects sensory and motor nerves in arms, hands, legs, feet.

nerves degenerate and lose ability to communication with distant targets

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7
Q

Action Potential in CMT disease

A

decreased

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8
Q

CMT disease type

A

heterogenous genetic disease

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9
Q

CMTX1

A

2nd most common form of CMT
caused by x-linked mutations in a gene that provides instructions for making the protein connexin-32

connexin-32 is part of gap junction channels in myelinating schwann cells

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10
Q

chemical synapses

A

release neurotransmitters from presynaptic membrane and bind to its receptors on postsynaptic or presynaptic membrane

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11
Q

chemical synapse gap distance

A

30nm

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12
Q

where are VG Ca++ channels located?

A

presynaptic membrane

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13
Q

parts of a neural synapse

A

presynaptic terminal
postynaptic terminal
synapse
vesicle
neurotransmitters
receptors

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14
Q

quantal release

A

the release of neurotransmitters in a vesicle into the post synaptic cleft

large amt released per vesicle

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15
Q

quantal release triggers

A

either an IPSP or EPSP in the postsynaptic membrane

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16
Q

SNARE proteins

A

protines in the synaptic vesicle and presynaptic membrane that help dock the vesicles and zip together to force the membranes to fuse

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17
Q

what happens if SNARE proteins are destroyed/cleaved?

A

nuerotransmitters cannot be release from the synaptic vesicles

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18
Q

botulinum toxin

A

cleaves SNARE proteins preventing the release of NTs

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19
Q

where are small molecule NTs made?

A

terminal

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20
Q

where are peptides made?

A

cell body

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21
Q

Cholinergic

A

release Ach

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22
Q

Dopaminergic

A

release dopamine

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23
Q

noradrenergic

A

release norepiniphrine

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24
Q

glutamatergic

A

release glutamateG

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25
GABAergic
release GABA
26
peptidergic
release Peptide
27
1 neuron can connect with _____other neurons
over 1000 axon terminals can synapse with any part of target neurons - dendrite - cell bodies - axon
28
motor unit
1 motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
29
neurons in the brains use
60% Glutamate 30% GABA
30
NTs released by hypothalamus
- thyrotropin-releasing hromone (TRH) - luteinizing hormone releaseing hormone (LHRH) - somatostatin
31
NTs released by pituitary
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -prolactin -luteinising hormone -thyrotropin -growth hormone -vasopressin -oxytocin
32
endorphine NTs
enkaphalins opioids
33
other NTs
substance P bradykinin angiotensin II
34
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) Mechanism
- produced at postsynaptic neuron - flow back to presynaptic where it will bind to CB1 receptor, inhibiting Ca++ - decrease NT release
35
GABA w/out eCBs
GABA released from the presynaptic will inhibit postsynaptic NT release decrease dopamine release (NT) release ***need to review slide 18
36
GABA w/ eCBs
eCBs produced in postsynaptic neuron flow back to presynaptic CB1R binding to CB1R inhibits Ca++ channels, decreasing GABA release. Decreased GABA release will increase dopamine (NT) release
37
Glutamate
Excitatory Glutamate NT release from presynaptic will increase NT release from postsynaptic. If eCBs present in postsynaptic, eCBs will bind to presynaptic CB1R, inhibiting Ca++ channels, decreasing Glutamate NT release. A decreased Glutamate release will decrease the postsynaptic NT release.
38
Neurotransmitter receptor types
1. ligan-gated ion channels 2. g-protein coupled receptors 3. enzyme linked receptors
39
ligand-gated ion channels
ionotropic receptors ion chanels
40
G-protein coupled receptros
metabotropic receptors
41
GABA Receptor
ligand-gated ion channel GABA binds to receptor ion channel opens Cl- rushes into cell hyperpolarization (IPSP)
42
agonist
chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response
43
antagonist
A chemical substance that binds to and blocks the activation of certain receptors on cells, preventing a biological response.
44
Isoflurane and GABA
isoflurane is a GABA agonist facilitates ion channel opening and Cl- influx
45
Propofol and GABA
propofol decreases the rate of dissociation of GABA from receptor increase duration of GABA activated opening of Cl- channel more Cl- influx hyperpolarization (IPSP)
46
ethanol and GABA
mimics GABAs effect on the braing by binding to GABA receptors and inhibiting neuronal signaling IPSP and EPSP IPSP: binding triggers Cl- influx EPSP: mechanism unknown
47
metabotropic receptors
activated G-protein diffuses in the membrane to act on its target, which may be an ion channel, enzymes, or gene transcription.
48
Types of Ach receptors
ionotropic metabotropic
49
ionotropic Ach
nicotinic Ach receptor skeletal muscle brain nerves
50
metabotropic Ach
muscarinic Ach receptor brain peripheral organs
51
ways to stop NT action
1. reuptake 2. breakdown 3. diffusion
52
reuptake
NTs can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells
53
breakdown
enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters AchEsterase (AchE)
54
diffusion (NT)
NTs can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft
55
lidocaine
VG Na+ channel blocker AP cannot be generated
56
tetrodotoxin
VG Na+ channel blocker depolarization inhibited
57
botulinum toxin
cleaves SNARE proteins decrease NT Ach release
58
nerve gas
binds to AChE and disables AChE increases ACh levels in synaptic cleft, triggers long lasting muscle contraction
59
Curare
competitively bind to nAChR less Ach can bind to receptor less EpP generated less AP generated weakness in skeletal muscles
60
MDMA
increases release of and binds to dopamine and 5-HT transporter
61
Cocaine
binds to dopamine transporter blocks dopamine uptake increased dopamine in synaptic cleft
62
SSRIs
bind to 5-HT transporter blocks seratonin uptake increased seratonin in synaptic cleft

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