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Sp. Phys 1 > 3. PNS and ANS > Flashcards

3. PNS and ANS Flashcards

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1
Q

afferent

A

sensory
IN

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2
Q

efferent

A

motor
OUT

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3
Q

somatic afferents

A

IN from
skin
muscle
joints

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4
Q

visceral afferents

A

IN from
organs

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5
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to chemicals

aka chemoreceptors

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6
Q

sensory receptors

A

free nerve endings (pain/temp)
pacinian corpuscel (pressure)
meissners corpuscle (touch)
muscle spindle (stretch)

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7
Q

Explain myocardial infarction

A
  1. blocked coronary artery = no blood supply
  2. increase pH -> acidosis
  3. increase proinflammatory cytokines
  4. Action potential in medulla
    • increase Ach = decrease HR
      (motor vagus)
    • decrease Nor = decrease HR
      (sympathetic)
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8
Q

inflammatory reflex (MI)

A

inhibits cytokine synthesis through cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway

negative feedback loop

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9
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory
interneuron
motor neuron

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10
Q

sensory neuron

A

somatic
visceral

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11
Q

motor neuron

A

organs

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12
Q

Location of AP generation in motor neuron

A

axon hillock

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13
Q

Location of AP generation in sensory neuron

A

1st node of Ranvier

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14
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

pressure/stretch

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15
Q

pulmonary stretch receptor location

A

trachea
central airways
pleurae

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16
Q

inflation reflex

A

lung inflates
stimulates stretch receptors in pleurae
receptors send inhibitory signals to medullary respiratory centers
inhibits further inhalation
expiration occurs

**protective response to not over-inflate lungs

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17
Q

proprioceptors

A

changes in muscle length or tension

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18
Q

proprioception

A

self-movement
body postion

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19
Q

proprioceptor locations

A

muscle spindles
golgi tendon organ

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20
Q

golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

muscle scensors

sensory fibers (Ib type) relay info about force production

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21
Q

GTO detect

A

muscle tension/force

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22
Q

Muscle spindles

A

muscle receptors

sensory neuron = stretch
Type Ia and II sensory afferents

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23
Q

muscle spindles detect

A

muscle length/change

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24
Q

fine movement =

A

more muscle spindles

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25
extrafusal fibers
alpha motor neurons contraction
26
intrafusal fibers
gamma motor neurons form (taut) spindles
27
motor unit
motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers that it innervates or motor end plate synapsing w/muscle fibers
28
motor neurons form
2-neuron circuit
29
upper motor neuron
originates in cerebral cortex travels to brain stem/sc
30
lower motor neuron
originates in spinal cord innervate muscle and glands
31
Neuromuscular junciton (NMJ)
a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle (skeletal/ smooth/ cardiac). It is the site for the transmission of action potential from nerve to the muscle.
32
all motor neurons release _____ at synapse
Ach
33
Ach causes a
EPP always excitatory
34
what is the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane of somatic motor neurons
n1AchR
35
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease causes weakness in skeletal muscles
36
MG mechanism
antibodies bind to nAChR
37
MG treatment
use AChE inhibitors (neostigmine/pyridostigmine) block Ach breakdown
38
neostigmine MG mechansim
blocks AchE from breaking down ACh Increases ACh in synaptic cleft downregulates ACh receptors
39
somatic efferents
innervate skeletal muscle, skin
40
autonomic efferents
involuntary innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland, etc
41
sympathetic
fight or flight usually through spinal cord
42
parasympathetic
rest and digest usually through vagus/cranial nerves
43
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
part of the PNS that acts as a control system functions below level of consciousness controls visceral functions
44
Sympa heart
increase HR increase contractility
45
sympa blood vessels
constriction increase BP
46
sympa lungs
bronchodilation increase O2 levels
47
sympa GIT
decrease motility schincter contraction decrease secretions
48
para heart
decrease HR decrease contractility
49
para blood vesses
no effect
50
para lungs
bronchoconstriction less O2
51
para GIT
increase motility relax sphincter increase secretions
52
efferent autonomic nerves originate in
medulla
53
brainsstem controls
cardiovascular system respiratory system
54
autonomic control of respiratory drive and cardiovascular function originates in
medulla
55
efferent autonomic pathways
sympathetic parasympathetic
56
sympathetic preganglionic neurons release
ACh which stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine to blood stream
57
ratio of epinephrine and norepinephrine released
Epi:NE 4:1
58
somatic nervous system neurons originate
spinal cord
59
somatic nervous system target organ
skeletal muscle
60
somatic nervous system NT
ACh
61
somatic nervous system NT receptor
N1 AChR
62
somatic nervous system ganglion locations
no ganglion
63
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system ganglion location
close to organs
64
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system preganglionic fiber length
long
65
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system target organ
smooth muscle cardiac muscle gland
66
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system NT
ACh
67
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system ganglion receptor
N2ACh
68
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system NT receptor
MACh
69
sympa auto nervous system preganglion length
short
70
sympa auto nervous system ganglion NT
ACh
71
sympa auto nervous system Chromaffin cell NT
ACh
72
sympa auto nervous system ganglion receptor
N2AChR
73
sympa auto nervous system chromaffin receptor
N2AChR
74
sympa auto nervous system ganglia location
close to spinal cord
75
sympa auto nervous system target organ
smooth muscle cardiac muscle gland
76
sympa auto nervous system NT
Norepinephine Epinephrine 4:1 ratio
77
sympa auto nervous system receptors
alpha/beta adrenergic receptors
78
sympathetic neurons length
short preganglion long post ganglionr
79
parasympathetic neurons length
long preganglion short postganglion
80
skeletal receptor
N1 receptors
81
ganglion receptor
N2
82
internal organ receptor
M
83
N1
Nm skeletal muscle
84
N2
Nn neurons (postganglionic)
85
M
parasympathetic
86
M1
excitatory CNS salivary glands parietal cells (GI)
87
M2
inhibitory heart
88
M3
excitatory smooth muscle glands
89
second messenger for M1, M3, M5
IP3 DAG increase
90
second messenger for M2, M4
cAMP decrease
91
nicotinic Ach Receptors
postynaptic membrane of all autonomic ganglia NMJs some CNS pathways ion channels
92
muscarinic Ach receptors
produces parasympathetic nerve effects in heart smooth muscle glands g protein cpupled receptors
93
adrenergic receptors
alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2
94
alpha 1 affinity
NE>Epi increased IP3/DAG blood vessel constriction
95
alpha 2 affinity
Epi>NE inhibition of VG Ca++ decrease NE release
96
alpha 1 functions
smooth muscle contraction salivary gland secretion
97
alpha 2 functions
presynaptic neurons decrease NE/ACh release
98
beta 1
Epi>NE increase HR/cardiac contractility
99
beta 2
EPI>>NE bronchodilation
100
beta 1 functions
heart increase HR increase force increase automaticityet
101
beta 2 funtions
smooth muscle (lung) relaxation blood vessels vasodilation
102
beta 1 and beta 2 increase
cAMP
103
sympathetic preganglionic neuronal terminal releases
ACh
104
sympathetic postganglionic neuronal terminal releases
NE
105
adrenergic receptor types
alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2
106
sympa blood vessels
constricted (alpha 1) vasodilation (beta 2) - skeletal muscle - heart
107
sympa heart
increase HR (beta 1) increase force of contraction (beta 1)
108
sympa lungs
dilated airway (beta 2)
109
sympa gut
decreased peristalsis alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 2
110
sympa eye
dilated pupil (beta 2) relaxation/far vision (beta 2)
111
sympa glands
vasoconstriction (alpha 1)
112
sympa sweat glands
cholinergic Ach
113
para blood vessesl
vasodilation no parasympathetic innervation for most blood vessels
114
para heart
slow HR (M2) decrease contraction force (M2)
115
para lungs
airway contricted (M3)
116
para gut
increased peristalsis (M3)
117
para eye
constricted pupil (M3) constricted/near vision (M3)
118
para glands
secretion stimulation (M1/M3)
119
sympa bladder
beta 3 ??
120
para bladder
M3
121
alpha 1 is stimulated by
NE
122
NE is released by
post ganglionic sympathetic neurons
123
beta 2 is stimulated by
epinephrine
124
epinephrine is released by
adrenal medulla
125
skeletal muscle blood vessels receptors
alpha 1 - constriction beta 2 - dilation M3 - dilation via NO
126
heart coronary blood vessels receptors
alpha 1 - constriction alpha 2 - constriction beta 2 - dilation M3 - dilation via NO release
127
pupil dilation
beta 2
128
decreased salivation
a1
129
bronchi relaxation
b2
130
increase HR
b1
131
inhibits peristalsis/secretion
a1
132
simulates glucose
b2
133
secretion of adrenaline/ norepinephrine
b1
134
inhibits bladder contraction
b3
135
constricts pupils
m3
136
stimulates salivation
m3
137
bronchoconstriction
m3
138
decreases HR
m2
139
stimulated peristalsis
M1/M3
140
stimulates bile release
M1/M3
141
contracts bladder
M3
142
autonomic tone
neural stimulation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic to most organs cannot control
143
blood vessel autonomic tone
more sympathetic
144
gut autonomic tone
more parasympathetic (M1/M3)
145
sweat glands autonomic tone
sympathetic onluy
146
denervation
loss of tone
147
how to compensate for denervation
adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine to body
148
tonic control of arteriolar diameter
keeps blood vessels in certain shape
149
norepiniephrine (NE) released by
postganglion sympathetic nerve terminal
150
increase NE release to alpha receptors
vasoconstriction increase IP3/DHA
151
decrease NE release to alpha receptors
vasodilation cAMP ??
152
reflex
is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus
153
agonists
enhance
154
antagonists
block
155
Epi/NE agonists
epinephrine norepinephrine phenylephrine clonidine isoproternol albuterol
156
epinephrine receptors
alpha and beta receptor (R) agonist (beta > alpha)
157
norepinephrine receptor
alpha and beta R agnonist (alpha > beta)p
158
phenylephrine receptor
alpha 1 R agonist
159
clonidine recepoptr
alpha 2 R agonist
160
isoproternol receptor
beta R agnost
161
albuterol receptor
b2R agonist
162
Epi/NE antagonists
propranolol atenolol
163
propranolol receptor
beta R antagonist
164
atenolol receptor
beta 1 R antagonist
165
ACh agonist
muscarine pilocarpine
166
muscarine
ACh muscarinic R agonist
167
pilocarpine
Ach muscarinic R agonist
168
Ach antagonist
atropine glycopyyrolate AChR muscarinic R antagonist (M receptors)
169
reserpine
inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)t
170
tyrosine is a precursor to
NE dopamine
171
NE/Dopamine are broken down by
monoamine oxidase (MAO) catecholomethyl transferase (COMT)
172
how does reserpine impact blood vessels
decrease NE release decrease vasoconstriction decrease blood pressure
173
triggers of vaso vagal syncope
pain emotion (fear of bodily harm) visual stimuli (blood) straining (bowel movement) standing for long time extreme heat exposure
174
vasovagal syncope steps
1. increased sympathetic activation 2. increased para activation w/ decreased sympa response
175
precentral gyrus
motor strip/primary motor cortex part of the brain's neocortex responsible for executing voluntary movements located on surface of posterior frontal lobe of brain
176
seizures (convulsions)
sudden involuntary movements of muscles

Sp. Phys 1 (6 decks)

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