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? Biology > 2. The Cell > Flashcards

2. The Cell Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 3 rules of cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are made of 1 or more cells
  2. cells are basic units of organization in all organisms
  3. A cell can only arise from division of previously existing cell
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2
Q

why are cells small

A

small cell is advantageous in terms of surface area to volume ratio

smaller flatter cell with large surface area to volume ratio is more efficient in diffusion and removal of wastes

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3
Q

what happens to the cell in terms of volume and surface area as it gets larger

A

volume increases at faster rate than surface area (lower surface area to volume ratio)

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4
Q

what does light microscopes operate on

A

visible light

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5
Q

what is the function of the first and second lens in a light microscope

A

first lens focuses image onto second lens

image is magnified and is focused on back of eye

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6
Q

what are compound microscopes

A

microscopes that magnify using multiple lenses

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7
Q

at what measurements can light microscopes resolve

A

structures that are at least 200nm apart

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8
Q

what does an electron microscope operate on

A

electrons

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9
Q

how much more resolving power do electron microscopes have compared to light microscopes

A

1000x more

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10
Q

how do transmission e- microscopes work

A

e- transmit through the material

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11
Q

at what measurements can transmission e- microscopes resolve

A

resolves images 0.2mm apart

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12
Q

how do scanning e- microscopes work

A

beams e- onto surface of specimen

e- reflect back from surface and other e- from specimen are released from bombardment

e- amplified and transmitted to screen

produces 3D image

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13
Q

what are the 4 major features that all cells have in common

A

nucleoid/nucleus

cytoplasm

ribosomes

plasma membrane

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the nucleoid/nucleus

A

contains DNA

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15
Q

where is DNA found in prokaryotes

A

in centre of cell in nucleoid

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16
Q

where is DNA found in eukaryotes

A

DNA found in nucleus

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17
Q

what surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotes

A

double membrane called nuclear envelope

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18
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

semi fluid matrix filling the cells interior

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19
Q

what does the cytoplasm contain

A

all of amino acids, proteins and sugars essential to the cell

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20
Q

what role does the ribosome play

A

protein synthesis

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21
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded

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22
Q

what does the plasma membrane do

A

encloses the cell and separates the internal components of cell from environment

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of proteins in plasma membrane

A

transport and receptor

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24
Q

what is the purpose of transport proteins

A

help ions/molecules move across plasma membranes

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25
what is the purpose of receptor proteins
bring about changes in the cell when receptors come into contact with molecules (eg hormones)
26
what are the 3 outside layers of a prokaryote cell from outside to inside
cell wall plasma membrane cytoplasm
27
are DNA and cellular constituents membrane bound in prokaryotes
no they have access to entire interior of cell
28
what are the 2 domains of prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea
29
what does the bacterial cell wall consist of
peptidoglycan
30
what does the cell wall do for bacteria - 3 things
maintain shape of cell protect cell prevent excessive loss/uptake of water
31
what can bacteria have that surrounds the cell wall
protective capsule
32
what does the cell wall of archae consist of
pseudopeptidoglycan
33
what do flagella allow
movement
34
what are flagella in terms of structure
protein fibre that extend from cell
35
what is the relationship of eukaryotic cell organelles in relation to membrane
membrane bound structures form compartments
36
DNA is wrapped into compact unit called ___ in ___
chromosomes in the nucleus
37
what is the nucleus responsible for
synthesis of nearly all proteins in cell
38
what is the nucleolus
region in nucleus in which synthesis of ribosomal RNA is taking place
39
what does the nuclear envelope surround
the surface of nucleus
40
what layers do nuclear envelopes have and how many
2 phospholipid bilayer membranes
41
what do the nuclear envelope pores allow - 2 things
allow movement of proteins into nucleus allow exportation of RNA complexes from nucleus to cytoplasm
42
what are chromosomes composed of
chromatin
43
what is the DNA structure to form nucleosome
DNA wrapped around histones to form nucleosome
44
what do ribosomes do
translate mRNA to produce polypeptides
45
what do polypeptides form
proteins
46
what is the cytoskeleton
internal protein scaffold of eukaryotic cells
47
which of the following have cell walls plants, animals, fungi
plants and fungi
48
what does the endomembrane system allow - 2 things
allows channelling of molevules through the interior of the cell provides synthesis of some proteins and lipids
49
what are the 4 components of the endomembrane system
Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosomes
50
what does the rough ER do
site of protein synthesis synthesises and modifies proteins
51
what is the structure of rough ER
studded with ribosomes
52
what does the smooth ER do
roles in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
53
does the smooth ER have ribosomes
no
54
what does the golgi apparatus do - 2 things
sorts and packages proteins receives and transport vesicles from ER and then modifies, repackages, transports them as secretory vesicles
55
what do lysosomes do
contain digestive enzymes that break down molecules and recycle the components of old organelles
56
do mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA and what is their membrane structure
yes double membrane structure
57
what is the function of mitochondria and what part of its structure helps it achieve this function
metabolize sugar to generate ATP inner membrane and surface proteins
58
what is the structure of mitochondria
highly folded inner membrane that contains proteins
59
what is the function of chloroplasts and what do they utilize to achieve this
generates ATP and sugars (glucose) using light
60
how do the chloroplasts capture light energy
captures light energy via thylakoid membranes arranged in stacks - grana
61
what is the function of cytoskeleton - 3 functions
anchors the organelles supports the shape of the cell help move materials within cell
62
what is the structure of cytoskeleton and what is it composed of
crisscrossed protein fibres (filaments and microtubules)
63
what are the 2 structures that help cells to aid movment
flagella and cilia
64
where do flagella arise from
basal body
65
what is the cilia structure compared to flagella
shorter and more numerous than flagella
66
what is the motion of flagella
propeller like motion
67
what is the motion of cilia
back and forth beating motion
68
what kind of cells are fungi
eukaryotic organisms
69
what are the 2 classifications of fungi
unicellular or multicellular
70
how can fungi reproduce
both sexually and asexually
71
what is the structure of viruses
very small, obligate, intracellular parasites
72
why are viruses considered non living - 2 reasons
no cellular structures cant carry out metabolism independently
73
what must happen for a virus to replicate their genetic material and multiply
must be in a living cell
74
what are the 6 steps of virus DNA replication in a host cell
attachment entry and degradation replication synthesis assembly release
75
what is the attachment step of virus DNA replication in a host cell
virus attaches to cell surface
76
what is the entry and degradation step of virus DNA replication in a host cell
viral DNA is injected into cell coat of virus remains outside and is degraded
77
what is the replication step of virus DNA replication in a host cell
nucleic acid is replicated in host cell
78
what is the synthesis step of virus DNA replication in a host cell
new protein coats are synthesised within host cell
79
what is the assembly step of virus DNA replication in a host cell
mature virions are assembled within the cell
80
what is the release step of virus DNA replication in a host cell
cell ruptures releasing mature virus particles
81
do viruses have DNA or RNA
one or the other but cant be both
82
where is the genetic material of a virus found
in their protein coat
83
what is the caspid
protein coat

? Biology (21 decks)

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