4. Energy, Metabolism & Respiration

Question 1

what is ATP used as

Answer 1

source of energy in cellular energy transactions

Question 2

what does ATP consist of

Answer 2

3 phosphate groups, ribose and adenine

Question 3

what are the chemical bonds in ATP important for - 2 things

Answer 3

storage and release of energy

Question 4

what does protein kinase do

Answer 4

an enzyme that removes phosphate group from ATP and energy is released

Question 5

what is metabolism

Answer 5

total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism

Question 6

what are the 2 types of chemical reactions that are carried out by organisms

Answer 6

catabolism and metabolism

Question 7

what is catabolism in terms of energy and what happens to the molecules

Answer 7

producing energy by breaking down molecules

Question 8

what is anabolism in terms of energy and what happens to the molecules

Answer 8

uses energy to build up molecules

Question 9

what is the first step of the 3 stages of metabolism/respiration

Answer 9

macromolecules broken down into constituent parts

Question 10

what is the 2nd step of the 3 stages of metabolism/respiration

Answer 10

constituent parts oxidised to produce acetyl coA, pyruvate and other metabolites

Question 11

what is formed in the second step of metabolism/respiration along with acetyl coa and pyruvate

Answer 11

some ATP and NADH and FADH2

Question 12

does the second step of metabolism/respiration use oxygen

Answer 12

not directly

Question 13

what is the 3rd step of the 3 stages of metabolism/respiration and what condition does this require

Answer 13

in presence of oxygen

metabolites formed in stage 2 can go into citric acid cycle where oxidative phosphorylation will take place to form large amounts of energy

Question 14

what is the first stage of anaerobic and aerobic respiration

Answer 14

glycolysis

Question 15

what does glycolysis involve

Answer 15

breaking down a 6C glucose into two 3C pyruvates

Question 16

does glycolysis need oxygen

Answer 16

no it will happen in the presence or absence of oxygen

Question 17

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 17

cytosol

Question 18

overall how many ATP are used and produced in glycolysis

Answer 18

2 ATP used
4 ATP produced

Question 19

how many pyruvate and NADH remain at the end of glycolysis

Answer 19

2 pyruvate

2 NADH

Question 20

where does aerobic respiration occur

Answer 20

matrix of mitochondrion

Question 21

what happens to pyruvate in aerobic respiration

Answer 21

pyruvate diffuses into matrix and is converted into acetyl coA

Question 22

what else is produced in aerobic respiration when pyruvate is converted into acetyl coa

Answer 22

CO2 and NADH

Question 23

what 2 other types of molecules can be used to produce pyruvate other than glucose

Answer 23

lipids like fatty acids

proteins like amino acids

Question 24

how is amino acids converted into pyruvate

Answer 24

amino acids deaminated and converted to pyruvic acid or acetyl coA

Question 25

what is responsible for the initiation of the Krebs cycle

Answer 25

acetyl CoA

Question 26

what is acetyl CoA

Answer 26

coenzyme

Question 27

what does acetyl coa do

Answer 27

transfers 2 Carbons from pyruvate to oxaloacetic acid that initiates the kreb cycle

Question 28

how many ATP NADH and FADH2 are produced in each turn of the krebs cycle

Answer 28

1ATP 3NADH 1FADH2

Question 29

during each krebs cycle how many carbon atoms are lost and they are lost as what

Answer 29

2C atoms lost as CO2

Question 30

what is the name of the process of producing ATP in Krebs cycle

Answer 30

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 31

what is the e- transport chain

Answer 31

series of proteins in inner membrane of mitochondrion

Question 32

where are the e- from that go into the e- transport chain

Answer 32

NADH and FADH2

Question 33

what happens to the e- in the e- transport chain and what do they form

Answer 33

accept by oxygen to form water

Question 34

as the e- pass through the protein series in the e- transport chain what happens to protons and what does it form

Answer 34

protons pumped into intermembrane space forming proton gradient

Question 35

what is the proton motive force

Answer 35

proton gradient

Question 36

what does the proton motive force do to protons and what does it produce

Answer 36

it moves protons back into the mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase to produce ATP

Question 37

how many ATP are produced from each NADH and FADH2

Answer 37

2-3 ATP for NADH 2 ATP for FADH2

Question 38

what are the overall product and reactants for aerobic respiration in equation form

Answer 38

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Question 39

what are the overall product and reactants for anaerobic respiration in equation form

Answer 39

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Question 40

what are the overall product and reactants for photosynthesis in equation form

Answer 40

6CO2 + 6H2O ->C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 41

what do enzymes do

Answer 41

lower the activation energy of a reaction

Question 42

what does a lower activation energy mean for a reaction

Answer 42

results in faster reaction than without enzyme present

Question 43

are enzymes changed or consumed in reactions

Answer 43

no

Question 44

what are active sites and what do they do

Answer 44

conform to fit the shape of substrates which allows substrates to bind to the active site of enzymes

Question 45

how is enzyme function affected by conc of reaction substrates and enzymes in terms of increasing enzyme conc in excess and constant substrate conc

Answer 45

excess substrate = increase conc of enzymes increases reaction rate in linear fashion constant enzyme conc = increase in substrate conc will increase react rate until it reaches max rate

Question 46

what are 2 things that can alter the shape of enzymes and name 3 examples

Answer 46

chemical and physical factors temp, pH and presence of regulatory molecules

Question 47

what is temp effect on enzymes

Answer 47

rate of enzyme catalysed reaction increases with increasing temp only until it reaches optimum temp

Question 48

what happens to enzymes that are not at optimal pH

Answer 48

function will decreased efficiency and can become denatured

Question 49

what are inhibitors

Answer 49

substance that can bind to enzyme and decrease its activity

Question 50

what are the 2 types of enzyme inhibition

Answer 50

competitive and non-competitive

Question 51

what is competitive inhibition

Answer 51

inhibitors compete with substrate for the same active site on enzyme

Question 52

what are non competitive inhibition

Answer 52

inhibitor bind to a location other than the active site - this changes the enzyme shape and will not be able to bind to substrate

Question 53

what does allosteric activator do and what does this do for enzyme activity

Answer 53

bind to allosteric sites in enzyme and keeps enzyme in active configuration and increases activity of enzyme

Question 54

what does allosteric inhibitor do and what does this do for enzyme activity

Answer 54

binds to allosteric sites in enzyme and decreases enzyme activity

Question 55

what are cofactors

Answer 55

inorganic chemical components that assist in functioning of enzymes

Question 56

what are 2 examples of cofactors

Answer 56

Zn2+ and Cu2+ usually metals

Question 57

what do cofactors do are they considered as substrates of the reaction

Answer 57

bind to active site of enzyme and participate in catalysis but arent considered substrates of the reaction

Question 58

what will happen if the enzyme doesnt have the cofactors

Answer 58

enzyme cant lock substrate into its active site so reaction wont take place