2. The Shoulder and Upper Arm

Question 1

Recall the 3 fossae of the scapular and their relative positioning

Answer 1

Anterior: Supraspinous (above spine) and infrapinous (below spine)
Posterior: suprascapular

Question 2

Where do the scapula and the clavicle articulate?

Answer 2

At the acromion

Question 3

In an anterior view of the clavicle, in which direction is it bent?

Answer 3

Medial 2/3 are bent anteriorly and the lateral 1/3 is bent posteriorly

Question 4

Describe the positioning of the deltoid tubercle

Answer 4

Inferior side of acromial (lateral) end of clavicle

Question 5

Where does the costoclavicular ligament attach to the clavicle?

Answer 5

At the coronoid tubercle

Question 6

Where does the humerus articulate with the scapula?

Answer 6

Glenoid cavity

Question 7

Describe the location of the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus in an anterior view

Answer 7

Greater = lateral, lesser = fairly midline

Question 8

Where does the deltoid muscle insert on the humerus, and with what structure is this continuous?

Answer 8

Deltoid tuberosity

Intertubercular line

Question 9

Recall the points of articulation of the ulna and radius with the humerus

Answer 9

Ulna = trochlea, olecranon fossa
Radius = capitulum

Question 10

Recall the 4 compartments of muscles that attach to the pectoral girdle

Answer 10

Anterior and posterior pectoral girdle

Anterior and posterior compartments of the upper arm

Question 11

Recall the muscles of the anterior pectoral girdle compartment

Answer 11

Pec major
Pec minor
Subclavius
Serratus anterior

Question 12

Recall the proximal and distal attachments of pec major

Answer 12

PA: Clavicular head and sternum
DA: Lat. bicipital groove and greater tubercle

Question 13

Recall the nerve supply of pec major

Answer 13

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Question 14

What is the main function of pec major?

Answer 14

Extension and internal rotation = punching

Question 15

Recall the muscles attaching to the medial and lateral lip of the bicipital/ intertubercular groove

Answer 15

Medial = teres major
Lateral = pec major

Question 16

Which nerve supplies serratus anterior?

Answer 16

Long thoracic

Question 17

Recall the muscles of the posterior compartment of the pectoral girdle

Answer 17

Trapezius
Lat. dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids

Question 18

Recall the innervation of trapezius

Answer 18

CNXI, C3/4

Question 19

Recall the functions of each head of the trapezius

Answer 19

Upper: elevate soulder + extend head
Middle: abduct and stabilise scapula
Lower: depress scapula

Question 20

Recall the innervation of lat dorsi, and its main function

Answer 20

Thoracodorsal nerve

Major actions on humerus

Question 21

What is the function of the rhomboids?

Answer 21

Attach to medial scapula to stabilise and retract it

Question 22

Recall the medial attachments of lat dorsi

Answer 22

T8 to pelvic region

Question 23

Recall the muscles of the anterior compartment of the upper arm

Answer 23

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

Question 24

Recall the innervation of the anterior compartment of the upper arm

Answer 24

Musculocutaneous

Question 25

Recall the origins of each head of the biceps brachii

Answer 25

Short head = coracoid process | Long head = supraglenoid tubercle

Question 26

What is the distal attachment of the biceps brachii?

Answer 26

Radial tuberosity

Question 27

Recall the attachments of brachialis

Answer 27

PA: anterior humerus DA: ulnar tuberosty

Question 28

What is the function of coracobrachilais?

Answer 28

Shoulder flexion and adduction

Question 29

Recall the muscles that attach to the coracoid process

Answer 29

Short head of biceps brachii Coracobrachialis Pec minor

Question 30

Recall the main function of brachialis

Answer 30

Flexion of elbow

Question 31

Recall the muscles of the posterior compartment of the upper arm

Answer 31

Triceps brachii | Anconeus

Question 32

Recall the attachments of triceps brachii

Answer 32

PA: medial and lateral heads attach to posterior humerus, long head attaches to infraglenoid tubercle DA: olecranon

Question 33

Recall the attachments of anconeus

Answer 33

PA: lateral epicondyle DA: lateral olecranon

Question 34

Recall the innervation of the posterior compartment of the upper arm

Answer 34

Radial nerve

Question 35

What is the main muscle involved in elbow extension?

Answer 35

Anconeus

Question 36

Recall the intrinsic shoulder muscles

Answer 36

Deltoid Teres major Rotator cuff

Question 37

Recall the muscles of the rotator cuff

Answer 37

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis

Question 38

Recall the innervation of the intrinsic shoulder muscles

Answer 38

Axillary and subscapular nerves

Question 39

Recall the function of the rotator cuff muscles

Answer 39

Hold humerus within glenoid | Depress humerus head

Question 40

Recall the function of teres major

Answer 40

Adduction and internal rotation

Question 41

Which joint of the pectoral girdle is "virtual"?

Answer 41

Scapulo-thoracic

Question 42

Describe the shape of the glenoid fossa

Answer 42

Shallow, deepened by the cartilaginous labrum

Question 43

What is the glenoid labrum?

Answer 43

Fibro-cartilaginous rim of glenoid cavity

Question 44

What is a bursa of a joint?

Answer 44

Capsule of enclosed synovial fluid

Question 45

Recall the ligaments that are vulnerable to tear causing shoulder disloation, and the consequences of tearing each example

Answer 45

Ligaments of acromioclavicular joint: Acromioclavicular ligament tear --> minor dislocation Coracoclavicular ligament --> if you tear this in addition to AC ligament = major dislocation

Question 46

Recall the components of each wall of the axilla

Answer 46

Anterior wall = pec major and minor Medial wall = serratus anterior and rib 4 Posterior wall = subscapularis, teres major, lat dorsi, scapula

Question 47

Recall the route and branches of the subclavian artery

Answer 47

Loops under clavicle --> axillary arteryq Medial to gleno-humeral joint Circumflex branches wind around humerus Becomes brachial artery at inferior border of teres Profunda brachii branches posteriorly At elbow bifurcates into ulnar and radial

Question 48

Recall the superficial limbs draining the arm

Answer 48

Cephalic (lateral) | Basilic (medial)

Question 49

Recall the deep venous drainage of the arm

Answer 49

Axillary vein | Subclavian vein

Question 50

Recall the course of the cephalic vein

Answer 50

Lateral border of arm --> joins axillary vein at axilla --> at 1st rib becomes subclavian vein

Question 51

Recall 4 key sets of lymph nodes draining the arm

Answer 51

Axillary Surascapular Cubital Delto-pectoral