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anatomy and physiology > 2 - the skeletal system > Flashcards

2 - the skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the types of skeleton can be divided to?

A

the axial and appendicular skeletom

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2
Q

what are the five major functions of the skeleton system?

A

support

storage of minerals

productio of blood cells

protection

leverage

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3
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton system rely on?

A

the properties of bone tissue

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4
Q

what are the main six types of the bone can split into?

A

flat

long

irregular

sutural

short

sesamoid

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5
Q

where are the flat bone found?

A

frontal the forhead

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6
Q

where are the long bone found?

A

femur which is the thigh

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7
Q

where the irregular bone found?

A

vertebra which is in the lower spindle

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8
Q

where dose sutural bone found?

A

on the right side of the head

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9
Q

where dose short bone found?

A

caepal which is just above the hand

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10
Q

where dose sesamoid bone found?

A

patella which is between the joins

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11
Q

how many bone dose the axial skeleton have?

A

80 bones

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12
Q

what are the bones the axial skeleton is made up of?

A

skull and associated bone

vertebral column

thoracic cage

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13
Q

what dose the axial skeleton provides?

A

support and protection

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14
Q

what are the organs that the axial skeleton provides support and protection?

A

brain

spindle cord

organs of the upper body

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15
Q

what also dose the axial skeleton provides?

A

a large framwork for muscle attachments

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16
Q

how many bones dose the vartebral column consists?

A

26 bones

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17
Q

what consists the 26 bones in total of the verterbral column?

A

24 bones of vertebrae

1 sacrum

1 coccyx

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18
Q

what dose the vertebrane are split into?

A

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumber

1 sacral

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19
Q

which types of azial skeleton is not straight and consists of four curves?

A

the vertebral column

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20
Q

what age dose the curves of vertebral columnare fully developed

A

10 years of age

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21
Q

why dose the curves are designed for?

A

to effeciently transmit weight through the upper body to the hips

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22
Q

what is not uniform through out the spine?

A

the vertebrae

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23
Q

which axial skeleton have different regtion to aid in the functioning?

A

the spine

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24
Q

by increasing vertebral body as moving down, the spine due to increased what?

A

the weight for support

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25
how many ribs dose the ribcage consists?
12 pairs
26
what are the first 7 ribs pairs called?
the true ribs
27
why dose the firt 7 pairs are called the true ribs?
becasuse they are connected to the sternum via cartilage
28
what are the 8-12 ribs paiers called?
the false ribs
29
why dose the 8-12 ribs pairs called the false ribs?
becacuse they do not directly attached to the sternum
30
when dose a joint formes?
when two bones are interconnected and usually involve ligaments
31
what dose each joint compromise?
between mobility and strength
32
examples of joints?
vertebrae shoulder
33
which joint is strong and immobile?
vertebrae
34
which joint is weak by hyper mobile?
shoulder
35
which type of jpont are freely moving?
synovial
36
what dose the synovial joint surrounded by?
articular capsule and synovial membranes
37
what dose the joint space is filled with?
synovial fluid
38
the end of the bone are covered by?
in articular cartilage
39
what are the three benefits dose the synovial fluid has to the joint?
lubrication nutrient distribution for the cells of the cartilage shock absorption
40
when the skeleton begins to form?
at 6 week of fertilisation
41
what is ossification?
is the process of replacing other tissues with bone
42
examples of ossification?
endochondral interamembranous
43
endochondral cartilage to?
bone
44
intermembranous bone forms?
directly from mesenchyme of connective tissue
45
as cartilage enlarges, what increase in size?
central chondrocytes
46
as the central chondrocytes increases in size, what expnad and reduced
lacunae expand and matrix is reduced
47
which bone is without nutrient supply and surrounded by calcified cartilage and die?
chondrocytes
48
blood vessels grow into what?
perichondrium and cells differentiating into osteoblasts
49
in bone develooment, osteoblasts produces?
bone around the shaft of the cartilage
50
periosteum is?
the membrane of blood vessels and nerves that warps around most of the bone
51
when blood supply go to the periosteum what happenes?
periosteum increases and vessels migrates into the centre
52
when dose migrating fibroblasts develop into osteoblasts?
when the calcified cartilage matrix is broken down
53
what occurs in the primary ossification centre?
when the bone is placed in the spaces left by cartilage
54
as the bone enlafges, osteoclasts appear and erode for the centre and cteate what?
creates the medullary cavity
55
when capillaries entre the epiphyses ,creating what?
secoundary ossification centres
56
in secondary ossification centres the bone continue to?
gtow in length and dimeter
57
the growing cartilage at the epiphyseal plate adds what?
length
58
what fill with spongy bone?
the epiphyses
59
when the osteoblasts on the shaft side continuously removing what?
the epiphyseal plate cartilage
60
what layes down on the epiphyseal side
the chondrocytes
61
what drive osteoblast production to outpace the chondrocytes and the epiphyseal plate disappears
purberty hormones
62
the superficial layers of bone surrounded by?
new bone forming the ring like arrangements
63
when osteoblasts surrounded by bone they become?
osteocytes
64
while new bone is being added on the surface, old bone is what?
being removed from the centre
65
bone is constantly being broken down from what?
the medullaty cavity side of the compact bone
66
bone is equally being desposited by what?
osteoblasts on the outside of the compact bone
67
what is highly vascular?
bone tissue
68
a typical bone has three major sets of blood vessels which are?
nutrient artery and vein metaphyseal vessels periosteal vessels
69
the organic and mineral components of bone is continuously?
being recycled
70
the turnover rate is what?
high
71
through remodelling, older mineral desposit gey removed and relased into what
the circulation
72
the circulating minerals are being desposited to increase what?
strength
73
what is hematopoietic stem cell?
an immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells inculding white and red blood cell and platelets
74
what is mesenchymal stem cell?
is stromal cells that have the ability to self-renew and exhibit multilineage differentiation
75
what is osteoid?
is a benign (noncancerous) bone tumor that usually develops in the long bones of the body such as the femur (thighbone) and the tibia (shinbone)
76
what percentage of calcium dose the bone tissue contain?
about 39%
77
whcih element is essential to the and highly regulated?
calcium
78
low calcium conentration in the blood is deteced by what?
the parathyroid glands which release PTH
79
what are the three effects that the parathyroid hormone has?
stimulates osteoclast and osteocyte activity increases calcium absorption from the intestines decreases calcium excretion rate via the kidneys
80
what has the opposite effect of the parathyroid hormone?
calcitonin
81
what only binds to osteoblasts?
PTH (parathyorid hoemone)
82
PTH leads to production of RANKL and inhibit the relase of what?
osteoprotegerine
83
osteoprotegerin usually bind from what?
RANKL
84
why the free RANKL binds to osteoclast?
precurors enabiling activity
85
what stage in life the bone development still hasn't finished and can have a high percentage of cartilage?
at birth
86
at birth joints are more?
flexible than adults
87
by having more flexible joint at birth can lead to what?
pathologies

anatomy and physiology (5 decks)

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