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Anatomy Section 6 > 2 - Urinary System > Flashcards

2 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system consists of:

A

-paired kidneys
-ureters
-bladder
-urethra

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2
Q

Formation of urogenital system:

A
  1. Blastocyst by 6-8th day
  2. Inner cell mass: epiblast and hypoblast
  3. Gastrulation: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
  4. Intermediate mesoderm
  5. Urogenital Ridge with nephrogenic cord
  6. Pronephros
  7. Mesonephros
  8. Metaneophros
  9. Kidney
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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of mesoderm?

A

-paraxial
-lateral plate
-intermediate=*basic foundation of the urinary system

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4
Q

Urogenital ridge:

A

-from the condensation of intermediate mesoderm
-nephrogenic cord is a portion of it=source of much of the urinary system

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of nephrogenic cord?

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros
  3. Metanephros
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6
Q

Pronephros:

A

-transient and non-functional
-forms in the presumptive neck region

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7
Q

Mesonephros:

A

-forms in the thoracic and lumbar regions
-functional through a large part of embryonic life

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8
Q

Metanephros:

A

-forms in the lumbar region
-becomes adult kidney

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9
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

-filters plasma
-maintains BP
-electrolyte balance
-endocrine roles (erythropoietin, renin, ADH, aldosterone)

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10
Q

What is the location of the kidneys?

A

-retro-peritoneal
-R is more cranial in all species (except humans and pigs)
>lies in a small fossa of the caudate liver lobe=renal impression
-L kidney is caudal and lagging (except humans and pigs)

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11
Q

What is the shape of the kidneys in dog, cat, pig, and small ruminants?

A

-bean-shaped

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12
Q

What is the shape of the kidneys in horses?

A

-R: heart shaped
-L: bean shaped

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13
Q

What is the shape of the kidneys in bovine?

A

-irregular
-oval

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14
Q

What are the 3 kidney types?

A

-unipyramidal
-multilobar with smooth surface
-multilobar with lobated surface
*all start as multilobar

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15
Q

Renal hilus:

A

-indented area on the medial side

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16
Q

Renal capsule:

A

-outermost layer of kidney
-tough, fibrous, connective tissue

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17
Q

Renal cortex:

A

-outer portion between renal capsule and renal medulla
*high blood circulation b/c this is where FILTRATION occurs

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18
Q

Renal medulla:

A

-inner portion
-contains renal pyramids

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19
Q

Renal pyramid:

A

-triangle-like shape inside the renal medulla
-contains a large number of NEPHRONS

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20
Q

Renal papillae:

A

-apex (pointed end) of each renal pyramid

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21
Q

Renal calyx:

A

-cup-like extension of the renal pelvis
>minor and major

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22
Q

Renal pelvis:

A

-funnel shaped area inside the hilus
*dilated part of the ureter at the hilus

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23
Q

What is the path of urine in a multilobar kidney?

A

-renal cortex
-renal pyramid
-renal papillae
-minor calyx (now part of ureter)
-major calyx
-renal pelvis
-ureter

24
Q

Pelvic recess:

A

-one of several expansions of the renal pelvis that embraces an unfused ridge on the periphery of the single medullary pyramid
>resemble individual papillae in certain sections but are a part of a single medullary pyramid (pseudopapillae)

25
Q

Unipyramidal kidney:

A

-pyramids are fused
-papillae are fused to form a single RENAL CREST

26
Q

Renal crest:

A

-longitudinal ridge projecting into the renal pelvis
>papillary ducts open along it and empty urine into the renal pelvis

27
Q

What is the path of urine in a unipyramidal kidney?

A

-renal cortex
-renal medulla
-renal crest
-renal pelvis

28
Q

Nephron:

A

-functional unit of kidney
-about 200,000 per kidney in cat to several MILLION in cattle

29
Q

Nephron ‘pathways’:

A

-Bowman’s capsule
-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of Henle (descending and ascending limb)
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting ducts

30
Q

Dog and cat kidneys:

A

-unipyramidal
-R: between L1&L3
-L: half-kidney length caudal (L2&L4)

31
Q

How can you differentiate a cat’s kidney from a small dog’s kidney?

A

-cats have obvious capsular veins

32
Q

Pig kidney:

A

-L+R are aligned
-multilobar with smooth surface
-multiple papillae
-major and minor calyces
*no external lobation

33
Q

Pig kidney locations:

A

-R+L: between last ribs + L4
-R does not touch liver
>ventral to descending duodenum and jejunum

34
Q

Bovine kidney:

A

-multilobar with lobated surface
*evident lobation
-minor and major calyces
*no common renal pelvis

35
Q

Bovine kidney location:

A

-normal to find both on R side (due to rumen taking up so much space)
-R: last ribs and L3
-L: between L2&L4

36
Q

Horse kidney:

A

-unipyramidal
-central expansion of renal pelvis
*cranial and caudal terminal recesses
*mucus-secreting glands

37
Q

Terminal recesses (horses):

A

-tubular diverticula of the renal pelvis that extend into cranial and caudal poles of the kidney

38
Q

Horse kidney location:

A

-R: between last 2 ribs & L1
-L: between last ribs & L3

39
Q

What is the function of the mucus-secreting gland in the horse kidney?

A

-help prevent stone formation
-urine is more cloudy

40
Q

Small ruminant and camelid kidney:

A

-like dog and cats
-bean shaped with smooth exteriors

41
Q

What is the vasculature of the kidney?

A

-renal artery
-interlobar artery
-arcuate artery
-interlobular artery
-glomerular capillaries
*divide as they go up

42
Q

Ureter:

A

-leaves kidney at hilus
-transports urine to bladder
*ureteral peristalsis continues even when the bladder is full

43
Q

Ureter in most domestic species:

A

-ureter begins in a common expansion=renal pelvis

44
Q

Ureter in cattle:

A

-formed by the coming together of the short passages that lead from the calyces

45
Q

Ureter entrance into the bladder:

A

-oblique
>acts as a valve

46
Q

Why is ureter surgery challenging?

A

-so small=makes it impossible

47
Q

Bladder contains:

A

-2 lateral and 1 median vesical ligaments

48
Q

What makes up the trigone of the bladder?

A

*triangle
-internal urethral sphincter
-external urethral sphincter
-ureteral openings

49
Q

Urethra in females:

A

-ONLY carries urine

50
Q

Why are females more prone to urethra infection?

A

-shorter distance

51
Q

Suburethral diverticulum in cows and sows:

A

-urethralis muscle encloses it
-opens together with the urethra into the vagina
*difficult during catheterization

52
Q

Urethra in males:

A

-carries urine, semen and seminal secretions
-extends to glans penis or urethral process

53
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the kidney, ureter, and bladder?

A

-kidney: celiac ganglion
-ureter: celiac ganglion
-bladder: hypogastric nerve

54
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney, ureter, and bladder?

A

-kidney: vagal nerve
-ureter: pelvic nerve
-bladder: pelvic nerve

55
Q

Ox ureter:

A

-lacks a renal pelvis
-primary branches are called major renal calyces

56
Q

Minor renal calyces:

A

-the calyces that embrace individual renal papillae

57
Q

What does the renal crest requires to receive urine?

A

-renal pelvis

Anatomy Section 6 (18 decks)

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