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Organ Histology > 2: Urinary System > Flashcards

2: Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the organs in the urinary system?

A

2: kidneys, ureters
1: bladder, urethra

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2
Q

What are the general functions of the urinary system?

A

1) regulate water & electrolyte balance
2) excretion of nitrogenous wastes & some water & electrolytes
3) excretion of some other materials (drugs)
4) secrete renin

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3
Q

What are the 6 general parts of the kidney?

A

capsule, hilum, renal pelvis, major calyces, minor calyces, renal sinus

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4
Q

What is the kidney capsule?

A

thin & fiberous; made of dense irregular CT

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5
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

concave & medial; nerves enter, ureters exit; blood & lymph enter and exit

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6
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

widening of the ureter

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7
Q

What are the major calyces?

A

broad spaces w/i kidney to collect urine & direct to renal pelvis (2/3 kidney)

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8
Q

What are the minor calyces?

A

smaller collecting areas from each major calyx

contain renal papilla = tip of each renal pyramid

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9
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

area surrounding renal pelvis, major calyces & minor caylces
contains adipose

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10
Q

What are the two general regions of parenchyma w/i the kidney?

A

Cortex & medulla

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11
Q

What does the cortex of the kidney contain?

A

renal corpuscles, tubles, medullary rays

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12
Q

What are the medullary rays of the kidney cortex?

A

extend from medulla into cortex

contains primarily portions of the loop of henle & collecting tubles

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13
Q

What are the parts of the medulla of the kidney?

A

renal pyramids: 8-12 per kidney

renal columns: areas separating the renal pyramids

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14
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

~1 million

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15
Q

What are the parts a nephron?

A

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), loop of henle, distal convoluted tuble (DCT), connecting tubles, collecting ducts

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16
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle found and the function?

A

always in cortex, blood filtration

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17
Q

What are the two major parts of the renal corpsule?

A

Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule, Glomerulus

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18
Q

What are the two layers of Bowman’s capsule?

A

parietal & visceral layer

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19
Q

What is the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium (bilayer)

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20
Q

What is the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

an internal layer of podocytes

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21
Q

What are podocytes?

A

modified epithelial cells containing pedicles

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22
Q

What are pedicels?

A

secondary podocyte cell processes covering the glomerular capillaries creating filtration slits

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23
Q

What is the urinary (capsular) space?

A

space btwn parietal & visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

recieves the filtered fluid from the capillaries

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24
Q

What is the glomerulus of the renal corpsule?

A

fenestrated capillary network inside the visceral layer of Bowman capsule

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25
What is the unique location of the glomerulus?
btwn 2 arterioles so muscle in tunica media can create an increased capillary pressure to enhance filtration increase/decrease pressure
26
What are the not so important part of the renal corpsule?
mesangial cells
27
What are mesangial cells?
special cells w/i the renal corpuscles; though to replace regular CT; many are pericyte-like (contractile filaments) often present in areas lacking podocytes
28
What is the function of mesangial cells?
capillary support adjust capillary pressure for good filtration phagocytosis of interfering materials (proteins) secrete various cytokines (immune defense & glomerulus repair)
29
What is the epithelium type in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)?
simple cuboidal w/ long microvilli (numerous)
30
What is the location of the proximal convoluted tubules?
cortex of kidney
31
What makes up the loop of henle?
thin limbs (descending & ascending) and thick ascending limbs
32
What epithelium type makes up the thin limbs of the loop of henle?
simple squamous
33
What is the location of the thin limbs of the loop of henle?
medulla
34
What is the epithelium type in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle?
simple cuboidal (no microvilli)
35
What is the location of the thick ascending part of the loop of henle?
medulla & medullary rays
36
What type of epithelium makes up the distal convoluted tubule?
simple cuboidal (shorter cells w/ fewer & shorter microvilli)
37
Where are the distal convoluted tubules found?
cortex
38
What is the macula densa?
special part of the DCT at the vascular pole containing closely packed columnar cells @ begining part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) - regulates glomerular BF & glomerular filtrate
39
What type of epithelium makes up the collecting tubule?
simple squamous to simple cuboidal | Shorter length
40
Are the collecting ducts part of the nephron?
NO
41
What type of epithelium makes up the collecting ducts?
simple cuboidal to simple columnar (in larger ducts)
42
What are the two principle cell types of the collecting ducts?
principle cells & intercalated cells
43
What are the principle cells of the collecting ducts?
light cells = collecting duct cells MC cell type in MEDULLARY RAYS & MEDULLA
44
What are the intercalated cells of the collecting ducts?
dark cells fewer in # found in_________???? NONE close to renal papilla
45
What are collecting ducts?
lead to a papillary duct which leads to a renal papillae and finally to a minor calyx
46
What are the ureters?
transport urine to urinary bladder | 2 about ~24-34 cm long
47
What is the surface epithelium of the luminal wall of the ureters?
urothelium (4-5 cell layers thick)
48
What are the 3 basic layers of the luminal walls of the ureters?
1 layer of basal cells 1-several layers of intermediate cells 1 layer of large superficial cells UMBERELLA CELLS
49
What shape are the intermeiate cells of the luminal wallys of the ureters?
more columnar shape
50
What are umbrella cells?
can be bi-nucleate | have free-edge plasma membrane w/ plaque (allow folding @ thinner areas)
51
What are the functions of plaques in umbrella cells?
protection (cells & tissues beneath) & BLOCKS WATER passage
52
WHAT ARE THE MOST DEVELOPED CELLS IN THE URINARY BLADDER?
PLAQUE & UMBRELLA CELLS
53
What is the LP of the laminal wall of the ureter made of?
rather dense irregular CT
54
What is the muscle of the muscularis externa of the ureters?
smooth muscle mixed w/ CT | REVERSE PATTERN: inner longitudinal, outer circular layer
55
What are the 3 muscle layers of the muscularis externa of the ureter?
inner: longitudinal middle: circular outer: longitudinal
56
What motion of the muscularis externa helps move urine?
peristaltic motion
57
What is the adventitia of the ureter made of?
adipose, blood vessels, & nerves
58
How do the ureters connect into the bladder?
enters at angle to create a valve as bladder fills, enterance to ureters closes --> prevents backflow IMPORTANT: stops the spread of infection to the kidneys
59
What is the epithelium of the bladder?
transitional/urothelium epithelium
60
What is the function of the urothelium of the bladder?
stretch & protect form hypertonic & toxic urine ~6 layers thick PLAQUE: well developed to fold @ thinner regions when bladder collapses
61
What is the LP like in the bladder?
rather dense irregular CT
62
What is the submucosa of the bladder made of?
thin & blends w/ LP
63
What is the muscularis externa of the bladder made of?
3 distinct muscular layers DETRUSOR MUSCLE 1) inner longitudinal 2) middle circular 3) outer longitudinal
64
What is the internal urethral sphincter?
circle of muscle close to urethral opening involuntary smooth muscle part of the detrusor muscle
65
What do the sympathetic nerve of the bladder innervate?
blood vessels
66
What do the parasympathetics of the bladder innervate?
ME & adventitia = MICTURITION REFLEX | S2-S4 TRAVELING W/ SPLANCHNIC NERVE
67
What is the sensory innervation of the bladder?
urinary bladder & sacral spinal cord | AFFERENT FIBERS FOR MICTURITION REFLEX
68
What is the urethra?
fibromuscular tube | longitudinal folds in mucosa
69
What makes up the urethra in males?
urinary & reproductive system part | prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile) urethras
70
What is the prostatic urethra?
3-4 cm, in prostate, made of urothelium
71
What is the membranous urethra?
1 cm, passes through the external urethral sphincter: STRIATED MUSCLE, STRATIFIED COLUMNAR &PSUEDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPI.
72
What is the spongy urethra (penile)?
15 cm, surrounded by erectile tissue (corpus spongiosum) | stratified & pseudostratified columnar and stratifed squamous distally)
73
What about the female urethra?
urinary only, 4-5 cm
74
What is the surface epithelium of the female urethra?
transitional, stratified columnar, pseudostratifed columnar (middle) & stratifed squamous distally EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER: around middle portion

Organ Histology (5 decks)

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