3: Glands of Digestion

Question 1

Where is the gallbladder found?

Answer 1

small organ, inferior to liver

Question 2

Where does the cystic duct connect to the gallbladder?

Answer 2

to the narrow neck

Question 3

What are the functions of the gallbladder?

Answer 3

store bile

concentrate bile

Question 4

What is hepatic bile?

Answer 4

PRIMARY BILE from the liver

Question 5

What is cystic bile?

Answer 5

concentrated bile from the gallbladder

Question 6

How is bile release controlled?

Answer 6

CCK and the Vagus nerve

Question 7

What is the surface epithelium of the gallbladder?

Answer 7

simple columnar

Question 8

What are the cell types found in the surface epithelium of the gallbladder?

Answer 8

Clear cells and Brush cells

Question 9

What are the clear cells of the gallbladder?

Answer 9

CHOLANGIOCYTES
have many microvilli
fxn: concentrate bile, absorbs water

Question 10

What are the brush cells of the gallbladder?

Answer 10

few in number

fxn: produce mucinogen

Question 11

What is the lamina propria of the gallbladder like?

Answer 11

loose and very vascular ct

Question 12

What kind of cells are found in the lamina propria of the gallbladder’s neck?

Answer 12

small mucus glands: lubricates the narrow neck lumen

Question 13

Is the muscularis mucosa present in the gallbladder?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

What is unique about the gallbladder’s submucosa?

Answer 14

ABSENT!!!!!!****

Question 15

What is the patterning of the muscularis externa of the gallbladder?

Answer 15

NOT normal: thin smooth muscle layer w/ a disorganized muscle arrangement

Question 16

What is the gallbladder’s serosa/adventitia arrangement?

Answer 16

MOSTLY serosa but some adventitia where is attaches to the liver

Question 17

What is the endocrine pancreas?

Answer 17

“pancreatic islets” “islets of Langerhans”

produces hormones

Question 18

What is the exocrine pancreas?

Answer 18

SEROUS ACINI producing digestive enzymes

Question 19

What is the largest portion of the pancreas?

Answer 19

exocrine portion

Question 20

How are the serous (pancreatic) acini controlled for secretion?

Answer 20

CCK and acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves

secreted in response to food

Question 21

How are the pancreatic ducts controlled for secretion?

Answer 21

secretes: H2O and HCO3

Controlled by: SECRETIN and acetylchoine from parasympathetic nerves

Question 22

Where are centroacinar cells found in the pancreatic ducts?

Answer 22

located next to the acinar cells

Question 23

What do the CENTROACINAR CELLS and cuboid cells produce?

Answer 23

in the intercalated pancreatic ducts they produce an ALKALINE FLUID w/ large amounts of bicarbonate ions

Question 24

Where is the alkaline fluid and bicarbonate ions released into?

Answer 24

the duodenum to buffer stomach chyme

Question 25

What is the function of the collagen-rich ct of the pancreatic ducts?

Answer 25

wraps the ducts: provides extra protection from the possible leakage of digestive enzymes

Question 26

What is the largest gland in the body?

Answer 26

Liver

Question 27

What are the general functions of the liver?

Answer 27

metabolism; production of blood proteins, factors, non-essential vitamins; detox blood; produce hepatic (primary) bile (exocrine fxn); store certain vitamins (vit. A & B12)

Question 28

Why are the hexagonal shaped lobules of the liver hard to distinguish in humans?

Answer 28

due to lack of CT between lobules

Question 29

What is the primary cell type in the liver?

Answer 29

hepatocytes

Question 30

What are hepatocytes?

Answer 30

microvilliated cuboidal cells possessing lateral bile canaliculi between adjacent hepatocytes

Question 31

What do the bile canaliculi do?

Answer 31

they collect bile

Question 32

What is the flow of bile through the liver?

Answer 32

bile moves from the hepatocytes towards the bile duct branch in the portal triad

Question 33

What is another name for Kupffer cells?

Answer 33

stellate macrophages

Question 34

What are Kupffer cells?

Answer 34

resident macrophages

Question 35

What do Kumpffer cells develope from?

Answer 35

monocytes

Question 36

What is the function of Kumpffer cells?

Answer 36

phagocytosis of debris & aged RBC's; act as an APC

Question 37

What are Ito cells?

Answer 37

hepatic stellate cells

Question 38

What is the function of Ito cells?

Answer 38

store lipids for immediate use; store vit. A; produce collagen I, III, IV and growth factors

Question 39

What are pit cells in the liver?

Answer 39

natural killer cells (immune fxn)

Question 40

What are hepatic progenitor cells?

Answer 40

likely present; responsible for regenerative capabilities | ALLOWS LIVER TRANSPLANT

Question 41

What is included in the portal triads?

Answer 41

branches of the: hepatic artery portal vein bile duct

Question 42

What are hepatic sinusoids?

Answer 42

dilated, fenestrated thin walled vessels found between the rows of hepatocytes; carry a mix of venous (75%) and atrial blood (25%)

Question 43

What is the central vein of the liver?

Answer 43

fenestrated thin walled vessel that collects blood from the hepatic sinusoids

Question 44

What is the flow of the blood through the liver?

Answer 44

blood flows from the portal triad towards the central vein

Question 45

What is another name for the space of disse?

Answer 45

Parisinusoidal space

Question 46

What is the space of disse?

Answer 46

space between the hepatocytes and the fenestrated hepatic sinusoids

Question 47

What is the function of the space of disse?

Answer 47

It allows direct contact of blood with the hepatocytes and they slow the blood flow down for interaction ALLOWS LIVER TO TAKE OVER FOR SPLEEN ~24-48 hrs

Question 48

What is glisson's capsule?

Answer 48

surrounds the liver, covered with serosa

Question 49

What is glisson's capsule made of?

Answer 49

dense irregular CT

Question 50

Can other CT be found in the human liver?

Answer 50

no, it's limited