2 you are what you eat

Question 1

anorexia + DSM

Answer 1

lack of appetite or restraint from eating by nervousness (significant low body weight, deny having the problem, distorted perception of body weight)

DSM Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa: an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, combined with behaviors that result in significantly low body weight.

1. Restrictionofenergyintake relative torequirements,leading to a significantly low body weightinthe context of age, sex, developmentaltrajectory, andphysical health.Significantlylow weightisdefinedas a weightthatisless thanminimallynormalor, forchildrenand adolescents,lessthan thatminimallyexpected.
2. Intensefearof gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior thatinterfereswith weight gain, eventhough atasignificantly lowweight.
3. Disturbanceinthe way in which one’s body weight or shapeisexperienced, undueinfluenceof body weight or shape on self-evaluation, orpersistent lackof recognition of the seriousness ofthecurrentlowbody weight.

Question 2

bulimia

Answer 2

uncontrollable binge eating and efforts to prevent resulting weight gain by using inappropriate behaviours such as self-inducing vomiting and excessive exercise
Common characteristics:

• fear of being or becoming fat
• may be normal weight or even overweight
• Bulimia typically begins with restricted eating motivated by the desire to be slender. During these early stages, the person eats low-calorie foods. Over time, this restriction gradually erodes, and the person starts to eat “forbidden” foods. During average binge, someone with bulimia nervosa may consume many as 4,800 calories
• After the binge, they vomit, fast, exercise excessively, or abuse laxatives.
• disgusted by their behavior, but thepurging alleviates the fear of gaining weight that comesfromeating
• often preoccupiedwithshame,guilt,self-deprecation

Question 3

binge-eating disorder

Answer 3

A. Recurrent episodesofbingeeating. An episode of binge eatingis characterized byboth ofthe following:

1. Eating, in adiscreteperiod of time(e.g.,withinany 2-hour period),anamountoffoodthatisdefinitelylarger thanwhat most people wouldeatina similarperiod of time under similarcircumstances.
2. A senseof lack of controlovereating during the episode (e.g.,afeelingthatone cannotstopeating or control what orhowmuch oneis eating).

B.The binge-eating episodesare associatedwiththree(or more) ofthefollowing:

1. Eating much more rapidly thannormal.
2. Eatinguntilfeelinguncomfortably full.
3. Eating largeamountsof food when not feeling physicallyhungry.
4. Eating alone because offeeling embarrassedby howmuch oneis eating.
5. Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, orvery guiltyafterward.

C.Marked distressregardingbinge eatingispresent.

1. The binge eating occurs, on average, at leastonce aweek for3months.
2. The bingeeatingisnotassociatedwiththerecurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviorasinbulimianervosa anddoes not occur exclusivelyduring thecourseofbulimia nervosaor anorexianervosa.

Question 4

anorexia consequences

Question 5

anorexia epidemiology

Question 6

anorexia comorbidity

Question 7

bulimia nervosa consequences

Question 8

how does the DSM 5 diagnose bulimia

Answer 8

A.Recurrent episodesof bingeeating.Anepisodeof binge eatingischaracterized by bothofthe following:

1. Eating,inadiscrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amountoffood thatisdefinitely larger than whatmostindividuals wouldeatinasimilar period of time under similar circumstances.
2. A senseoflackof control overeating during the episode(e.g.,afeeling that one cannotstop eatingor control what orhowmuch oneis eating).

B. Recurrentinappropriate compensatorybehaviorsinorder toprevent weightgain, suchasself-induced vomiting;misuse oflaxatives,diuretics,orother medications; fasting; or excessiveexercise.

C. Thebinge eating andinappropriatecompensatorybehaviorsboth occur, onaverage, atleast onceaweek for 3 months.

D.Self-evaluation isundulyinfluencedby bodyshapeandweight.

E.The disturbance does not occur exclusively duringepisodesofanorexia nervosa.

Question 9

bulimia epidemiology

Question 10

bulimia comorbidity

Question 11

underweight
overweight
obesity

Question 12

body image

Question 13

purging

Question 14

lanugo due to ED

Question 15

amenorrhea due to ED

Question 16

osteoporosis due to ED

Question 17

how do EDs lead to hypothermia

Question 18

electrolyte imbalances due to ED

Question 19

cross-over

Question 20

transdiagnostic approach

Question 21

family-based treatments

Question 22

how does Cognitive behavioral therapy aid in ED recovery?

Question 23

pharmacological treatments for ED

Question 24

effectiveness of treatments

Question 25

how to prevent relapse?

Question 26

mirror exposure

Question 27

individual risk factors

Answer 27

perfectionism
body image
dieting
negative affect
sexual abuse

Question 28

sociocultural explanationa

Answer 28

media
family
peers

Question 29

what are the 2 subtypes of Anorexia

Answer 29

Restricting: fasting, minimal food consumption
→ avoiding to eat in presence of other people (eating extremely slow or throwing food away in secret)
and
Binge eating / purging: combination of binge eating (out of control consumption) and purging - remove food from body
Diagnostic features