2.0 The cell

Question 1

cell theory (3)

Answer 1

All organisms are composed of one or more cells

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Cell arise only from the division of preexisting cells

Question 2

Nucleic acid, DNA and RNA (2)

Answer 2

carry hereditary information and direct the manufacture of cellular molecules.

Question 3

Where do cells get energy to carry out their activities? (2)

Answer 3

• chemical molecules
• light as energy source

Question 4

how do cells respond to changes in their external environment

Answer 4

alter their internal reactions

Question 5

all forms of life can be divided into three domains

Answer 5

Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya

Question 6

Each cell is functionally independent organisms capable of_______. (unicellular organisms) however cells in multicellular organisms

Answer 6

carrying out all activities necessary for living

are potentially capable of surviving by themselves if placed in a chemical medium that can sustain them.

Question 7

If cells are broken open, (3)

Answer 7

The property of life is lost
They are unable to grow, reproduce or respond to outside stimuli in a coordinated potentially independent fashion.

Question 8

Why are cells so small？(2)

Answer 8

SA to volume ratio of a cell changes as it gets bigger

Doubling the diameter of a cell increases its volume by eight times but increases its surface area by only four times

Question 9

Significance of the Volume:SA relationship

Answer 9

Volume of the cell determines the amount of chemical activity that can take place within it. SA determines the amount of substances that can be exchanged between inside and outside environment.

Question 10

Difference between light microscope and electron microscope.

Answer 10

light uses light to illuminate specimen while electron use electron

Question 11

plama membranę (2)

Answer 11

a bilayer made of lips with embedded protein molecules
(regulates what goes and out)

Question 12

Lipid bilayer

Answer 12

a hydrophobic barrier to the passage of water soluble substances

Question 13

transport protein

Answer 13

a protein embedded in the cell membrane that forms a channel allowing selected polar molecules and ions to pass across the membrane.

Question 14

hereditary info is organized in the forms of ____ in the cell which are

Answer 14

genes

segments of DNA that code for individual proteins

Question 15

cytoplasm (2)

Answer 15

all parts of the cell between the plasma membrane and the central region

contains the organelles, the cytosol and cytoskeleton

Question 16

organelles (2)

Answer 16

small organized structures important for cell function

the nucleus or other specialized internal structures

Question 17

cytosol

Answer 17

aqueous water solution containing ions and various organic molecules

Question 18

organic

Answer 18

molecules based on carbon

Question 19

cytoskeleton

Answer 19

a protein based framework of filaments structures that among other things help maintain proper cell shape and plays a key role in cell division and chromosome segregation.

Question 20

archaeans are almost as _____ from____ as you are.

Answer 20

different
bacteria

Question 21

prokaryotic

Answer 21

lacking a nucleus

Question 22

nucleiod (3)

Answer 22

present in bacteria and archaea

the DNA containing central region of the cell

has no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm

Question 23

nucleus

Answer 23

in eukaryotes
Store DNA contained within a membrane bound compartment

Question 24

glycocalyx (3)

Answer 24

an external layer that coats the cell wall

helps protect prokaryotic cell from physical damage and desiccation(dehydration). Allow them to also attach to a surface or other cells

a polysaccharide

Question 25

when glycocalyx is diffuse and loosely associated with the cell:

Answer 25

- a slime layer

Question 26

when glycocalyx is gelatinous and firmly attached to the cell: (2)

Answer 26

capsule an external layer of sticky or slimy polysaccharides coating the cell wall

Question 27

Flagella

Answer 27

long threadlike protein fibres which extends from the cell surface.

Question 28

prokaryotic cytoskeleton play important roles in (3)

Answer 28

in cell division, creating and maintaining the proper shape of the cell for certain bacteria: determining the polarity of the cells

Question 29

Bacteria flagellum how they move

Answer 29

helically shaped, rotates in a socket in the plasma mirage and cell wall to push through a liquid medium

Question 30

pili

Answer 30

hairlike shaft of protein extending from cell wall attach the cell to surfaces or other cells only in bacteria and archaea

Question 31

cell (2)

Answer 31

the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms carry out the essential processes of life.

Question 32

in almost all prokaryotic cells, the plasma membrane is surrounded by a ___________, _____

Answer 32

rigid external layer of material the cell wall

Question 33

The cell wall

Answer 33

provides rigidity to prokaryotic cells and with the capsule, protects the cell

Question 34

Eukaryotes are divided into 4 groups:

Answer 34

protists fungi plants animals

Question 35

the cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane bound compartment called the

Answer 35

nucleus

Question 36

what isn't in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 36

system of membranous organelles

Question 37

cell fractionation

Answer 37

isolating specific organelles from the rest of the cell

Question 38

some of the protein form channels through the plasma membrane that transport substances into and out of the cell. other protein in the plasma membrane _______________

Answer 38

act as receptors. They recognize and bind specific signal molecules in the cellular environment and trigger internal responses

Question 39

A supportive cell wall surrounds (2)

Answer 39

the plasma membrane of fungal, plant and many protist cell Extracellular structure

Question 40

In general eukaryotic ribosomes are

Answer 40

larger then bacteria and archaea ribosomes. They contain four types of rRNA molecules and more then 80 proteins

Question 41

in prokaryotes where are the ribosomes?

Answer 41

Roam freely in the cytoplasm

Question 42

in eukaryotic where are the ribosomes?

Answer 42

roam free or on er

Question 43

ribosomes are made up of and made in

Answer 43

rRNA and proteins the nucleolus and released to the cell

Question 44

proteins made on free ribosomes in the cytosol may....

Answer 44

remain in the cytosol or pass through the nuclear pores into the nucleus or become parts of mitochondria, chloroplast , or other cytoplasmic structures proteins that enter the nucleus become part of chromatin or line the nuclear envelope or remain in solution in the nucleoplasm

Question 45

the proteins made on ribosomes attached to the ER

Answer 45

follow a special path to other organelles within the cell

Question 46

mitochondria

Answer 46

membrane bound organelles in which cellular respiration occurs

Question 47

cellular respiration

Answer 47

the process where energy rich molecules such as sugars fats and other fuels are broken down to water and co2 by mitochondria reactions with the release of energy. Much of the dingy released is captured in ATP

Question 48

Mitochondria requires____ for cellular respiration

Answer 48

oxygen

Question 49

Mitochondria requires____ for cellular respiration

Answer 49

oxygen

Question 50

The outer mitochondria membrane

Answer 50

Is smooth and covers the outside of the organelle

Question 51

The inner mitochondria membrane

Answer 51

expanded by folds called cristae

Question 52

Where does the ATP generating reactions of mitochondria occur?

Answer 52

In the cristae and matrix

Question 53

are chloroplast in eukaryotes

Answer 53

algal protist

Question 54

are cell walls in eukaryotes

Answer 54

algal protist and fungi

Question 55

chloroplast are family of

Answer 55

plastids

Question 56

all plastids

Answer 56

contain DNA genome and molecular machinery for gene expression and the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes some of the proteins within plastids are encoded by their genome other are encoded by nuclear genes and are imported into the organelles

Question 57

grana

Answer 57

thylakoids stacked one onto of another

Question 58

thylakoid

Answer 58

flattened closed sacs contain chlorophyll that absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy in photosynthesis

Question 59

stroma

Answer 59

uses enzyme to make carbohydrates and other complex organic molecules from the chemical energy from photosynthesis and water, co2 and other simple inorganic precursors