2008 module exam Flashcards
1
Q
a patient had an injury to one side (it was mentioned) of the posterior spinal cord. what symptom might he has?
A
- loss of vibration sense at the contralateral side
2
Q
a patient with loss of vibration sense. which artery might be occluded? (not sure if antreior or posterior!)
A
- posterior spinal artery
3
Q
a lesion in the beginning of medial side of internal arcuate fibers
a. gracillus nucleus
b. cuneate nucleus
A
a. gracillus nucleus
4
Q
inferior colliculus projects to
A
- medial geniculate body
5
Q
the nucleus responsible for pain & temperature sensation from the face
A
- spinal nucleus of the 5th cranial nerve
6
Q
the nucleus that sends motor fibers to the face
A
- motor nucleus of the 5th cranial nerve
7
Q
the artery blocked in lateral medullary syndrome
A
- PICA
8
Q
the cells that can proliferate in case of nerve injury
- Schwann cells
- oligodendrocyte
A
- Schwann cells
9
Q
which cortical layers are highly developed in sensory cortex?
A
-2&4
10
Q
a patient with lower limb paralysis. which artery might be occluded
- anterior cerebral
- anterior choroidal
A
- anterior cerebral (not sure)
11
Q
which of these might be affected in case of injury to the superior cerebellar peduncle?
A
Dentothalamic
12
Q
the dorsal horn develops from
A
alar layer
13
Q
medulla oblengata develops from?
A
myelencephalon
14
Q
khalid khan’s Q: about fornix - before the commissure
A
-
15
Q
if a patient developed decreased ability to hear low frequency sounds, which
structure might be affected?
- lateral geniculate
- medial geniculate
- superior temporal gyrus
- middle temporal gyrus
- inferior temporal gyrus
A
?
16
Q
which of these is nourished by aqueoshumerus?
A
- cornea
17
Q
damage to this may cause hyperacusis
A
- facial nerve
18
Q
satiety centre in hypothalamus
A
- ventromedial nucleus
19
Q
crossing of tectospinal tract
A
midbrain
20
Q
structure where pineal body is found in:
A
epithalamus
21
Q
a structure that forms lateral lemniscus
A
cochlear nucleus
22
Q
lesion at inferior colliculus level affects
A
trochlear nerve
23
Q
a mixed cranial nerve
A
CN7
24
Q
Nerve supply to pterygoid muscle
A
5th CN
25
Medial side of pons is supplied by
Paramedian artery
26
Posterior side of midbrain is supplied by
Superior cerebellar
27
Weber’s syndrome involves
Midbrain
28
A lesion lateral in the brainstem affects which of the following tracts?
a. Descending sympathetic
b. Corticospinal
c. Medial lemniscus
a. Descending sympathetic
29
Injury to this vessel may lead to 3rd nerve palsy
Posterior communicating artery
30
Large defect of perfusion of right parietal, frontal, and temporal areas
Right MCA
31
Receives mamillothalamic tract
Anterior thalamic nuclei
32
Receives spinothalamic & dorsal lemniscus
VPL nucleus
33
A pathway entering the cerebellum through SCP?
Dentothalamic
34
Fibers from basal ganglia to the thalamus
Ansa reticularis
35
the most important function of the dynamic (deep muscle refelx?)
- correct for stumble
- (coordinates?) movement of one joint
?
36
which of these a bilateral somatic reflex?
- withdrwal refelx
- swallowing
withdrwal refelx (not sure)
37
someone with an injury to an association cortex. he cannot (recognize?? what is in the left feild)
hemineglect
38
During stance phase of walking cycle, which system is the most important?
- medullary reticulospinal
- lateral vestibulospinal
- corticospinal
- spinothalamic
- rubrospinal
- lateral vestibulospinal
39
a patient with resting tremor, rigidity, and (ataxia??). which pathway might be
affected?
thalamocortical
40
mechanism of learning in the cerebellum / motor skill learning is done by which
mechanism?
- long term potentiation
- long term deppression
?
41
(................................................)- about what happens in cerebellar nuclei
-change activation into inhibition (not sure)
42
fastest brain wave
- gamma
43
the brain wave that prevails in slow wave sleep
- delta
- theta
-delta (not sure)
44
which of the following characterizes slow wave sleep?
activation of VLPO
45
mechanism of neuron death in epilepsy
- excitotoxicity of neurons
- over activity of neurons
- over activity of dendrite
?
46
arousal is a result of?
inhibition of the reticular nucleus ((not sure it was written like this))
47
receives reticular formation
intralaminar nucleus
48
a question about the neurotransmitter that stabilizes wakefulness
-
49
feeding is controled by
- leptin
- activation of NYP
- leptin
50
in conduction hearing loss, there is a problem in
sound amplification
51
the neurotransmitter most repidly degraded
- glutamate
- acetycholine
?
52
where in visual pathway do the 2 images fuse?
primary visual cortex
53
function of dynamic fibers in stretch reflex
a. makes movements more accurate
b. compensates for unexpected obstacles during movement
b. compensates for unexpected obstacles during movement
54
a person first looked at something he liked then he tried to memorize that by
rehearsal- which of these is active?
a. Occipital cortex
b. Supplementary motor area
?
55
The principle energy consuming process in the brain
Maintaining ionic gradient
56
The main excitotoxic neurotransmitter in the brain
Glutamate
57
Effect of hyperventilation on the brain
Decrease CBF
58
Concept of penumbra
-
59
Conductive aphasia results from
Ischemia to inferior parietal lobe
60
Dopamine effect on movement
Inhibits indirect pathway + disinhibit direct pathway
61
Selective destruction of subthalamic nucleus
Hemi ballismus (not sure- maybe there were better options)
62
A structure concerned with posture & eye movement?
Flocculonoddular lobe of cerebellum
63
Effect of Mossy & climbing fibers
Excitatory
64
A pathway affected in Parkinson’s disease
a. Nigro-striatal
b. Striato-nigral
a. Nigro-striatal
65
The role of cerebellum in coordinating movement is done through which
mechanism?
a. Feed forward
b. Damping
a. Feed forward
66
Signals leaving cerebellum
a. Are of increasing activity & then decreasing effect on DCN
b. Are of decreasing activity & then increasing effect on DCN
a. Are of increasing activity & then decreasing effect on DCN
67
fuel of neurons in case of ischemia
ketone body
68
oxidative stress in ischemia results from
failure of the antioxidant system
69
a disease related to trinucleotide repeat that results in polyglutamine tract
spinobulbar ataxia (not sure it was written this way)
70
a question about amyloid and Alzheimer's
-
71
question about prion disease
-
72
one of the most common cause of mental retardation due to CGG trinucleotide
repeats causing loss of function
fragile X syndrome
73
which of these is recommended to prevent early neonatal bacterial meningitis
?
74
the prophylactic given to non pregnant contact for a patient w/ meningococcal meningitis
rifampicin
75
given to eradication of nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococcal meningitis
sulfadiazine
76
what drug will you give to an elderly with meningococcal meningitis who is about to
(...........) to the ward
?
77
AIDS patient with JC virus
PML
78
which disease results in demyelination of dorsal & lateral columns?
V B 12 deficiency
79
a patient with vitamin deficincy that results in nerve hypomethylation.
subacute combined.........(, it’s in the learning topic elly m7ad dresah week 8.)
80
an elderly patient with hemiplegia duo to thrombus. small infarctions in his brains.
what might be the cause?
elderly w/right parietal infarct, thrombo-embolism in peripheral cerebral n.?
a. mural thrombus in the heart
b. HTN w/chronic liver failure
c. Rheumatic CVD w/left atrial mural thrombus
?
81
a lady with sudden onset of loss of consciosness. CNS analysis showed blood in CSF
subarachnoid hemorrhage
82
a lady who fall on her left side of head --> loss of consciousness. had left parietal bleeding. then she became unconscious again and died. what is the pathology?
extradural hematoma
83
vaculation
prion disease
84
plasma cells around arterioles indicate
syphilis
85
alcoholic man suffered from spinal cord (??) demyelination?
Central pontine syndrome
86
.premature neonate with calcification, periventricular edema ,easonophilicintranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions
CMV infection
87
increased CSF to plasma glycine?
cytochrome c deficiency b.pyruvate DH defi c. Glycine encephalopathy
88
the most presumptive CSF finding for meningitis
increased pus cells
89
CSF lactate = 7. This indicates
bacterial meningitis
90
The most important risk factor for ICH?
HTN
91
Atrial fibrillation in relation to stroke?
Embolic stroke
92
Subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins
93
Degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in SN (substantia nigra)
Parkinson's
94
demyelinating neuropathies?
a. Ms. Weaknes n' hyporeflexia
b. Increased ms. Tone due to spasticity
c. Clonus
?
95
98. character of essential tremor?
a. Autosomal recessive
b. asymmetric
c. happens when maintaining posture
c. happens when maintaining posture (not sure)
96
myasthenia gravis
muscle fatigability after repetitive exercise
97
a patients w/ poliomyelitis. What would be a sign of this?
(sign of LMNL)
98
a disease characterized by resting tremor
Parkinson’s
99
a girl with sudden coordinated contractions (not sure about both the Q and choices :D)
- Tics
- juvenile epilepsy
?
100
a patients who cannot stand with his feet together
cerebellar ataxia
101
alcoholic cerebellar degeneration mostly affects
vermis
102
a patient presented with seizure. has a history of childhood seizures caused
by fever. (they gave a picture). Which lobe is affected?
temporal
103
in the pt in the previous Q, what is most likely the type of seizure he is
suffering from?
complex partial
104
a girl with .......Flickering.............. what is the type of
seizure?
absence (not sure)
105
CSF pressure normally is
8-18
106
A headache that lasts 15-180 min
cluster
107
A feature of LMN injuries
Flaccidity
108
Horizontal diplopia
6th CN palsy
109
Right MLF lesion
Failure to adduct right eye
110
Injury to right 12th CN
Tongue deviation to the right
111
A young female with relapsing (some neurologic deficits)- MRI shows some circular enhancing lesions
Multiple sclerosis
112
The main differentiating factor between TIA & stroke
Duration of neurological deficit
113
Immediate sign of UMNL
Clonus
114
Feature of UMNL
Absent abdominal reflexes
115
A patient with wernicke's aphasia, what else might be noticed?
- babinski sign
- contralateral hemianopsia
?
116
drug used for partial seizures & induces liver enzymes
carbamazepine
117
the drug used to treat Lennox Gastant syndrome
Felbamate
118
a drug that is used to treat sleep onset insomnia (there were more details)
Zolpidim
119
MoA of BZDs|
potentiation of GABA chloride pore
120
a drug that acts as 5-HT A agonist
buspirone
121
an inhaled general anesthetic that decreases ICP and eliminated by
redistribution
- katamine
- thiopental
?
122
the antidote for midazol
flumazenil
123
what is the mechanism by which revastigine treats dementia?
antocholinesterase
124
which type of nerve fibers is first blocked by local anesthesia?
A delta
125
opoid analgesic that causes tachcardia due to inherent vagolytic effect
that Q got me confused bs chenna he mentioned it during the lecture, it wasn’t
written but he said it
126
(a Q from pain-I lecture) - it was EMQ with -something about secondary
sensory neurons
-
127
the receptor that once activated can also produce PG-I & PG E
bradykinin B2 receptor
128
(it was a long scenario- what i remember is: CT showed area of hypointensity (dark)
infarction
129
CT hyperdensity in cellar cystern
subarachnoid hemorrhage
130
which of the followings characterizes an "abnormal behavior"
deviates from social norms, deviates from statistical normsk maladaptive, results in distress
131
which of these has the (worst impact on a country)
- blindness of 10 year old healthy child
- blindness of (25?) year old (nonhealthy - i dont remember the disease exactly)
?
132
some people die bcz of stroke before being diagnosed. this will result in apparent
a. Mortality Decrease
b. Prevalence incease
c. Incidence dec. But prevalence inc.C.prevalence n' mortality inc
less mortality
133
EBM: calculation of (1-NPV). (specificity- sensitivity- pretest propability were given)
-
134
EBM: to increase (senstitvity/ specificity) you have to decrease false negatives/ false positives
-
135
EBM: to rule in a disease, you need a higher:
PPV
