20.1 General aspects of reproductive physiology

Question 1

True or false: The reproductive system plays a role in homeostasis

Answer 1

false

Question 2

Reproductive capability depends on intricate relationships among………

Answer 2

the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, reproductive organs, and target cells of the sex hormones

Question 3

what makes up the reproductive system?

Answer 3

gonads, reproductive tract, accessory sex glands (differ in males and females)

Question 4

Reproduction depends on the union of

Answer 4

male and female gametes to form new a individual with a full unique set of chromosomes.

Question 5

Gametes are

Answer 5

haploid (have half the set of chromosomes)

Question 6

What are the two gonads (primary reproductive organs)

Answer 6

a pair of testes and a pair of ovaries

Question 7

What are the 2 dual functions in both male and female gonads

Answer 7

1. To produce gametes through gametogenesis. This is spermatozoa in males and ova in eggs.
2. Secrete sex hormones specifically testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females

Question 8

In females what is considered as accessory reproductive organs?

Answer 8

breasts

Question 9

What is external genitalia?

Answer 9

The externally visible portion of the reproductive system

Question 10

What are secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 10

The many external characteristics not directly involved in reproduction that distinguish males and females,

Question 11

what two hormones in males and females govern the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 11

testosterone in males and estrogen in females

Question 12

What are the 2 essential male reproductive functions?

Answer 12

1. Spermatogenesis
2. Delivery of sperm to the female

Question 13

What is the function of the scrotum (skin-covered sac)?

Answer 13

It suspends the testes outside the abdominal cavity and it lies between the legs

Question 14

What are the 3 major accessory sex glands whose secretions provide the bulk of the semen ?

Answer 14

seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands

Question 15

What is the penis

Answer 15

The reproductive organ used to deposit semen into the vagina

Question 16

What is the Glans penis

Answer 16

it is the sensitive erotic tissue at the tip of the penis that is important in sexual arousal

Question 17

What makes up the male reproductive tract

Answer 17

Epidymis, vas deferens (ductus), ejaculatory duct.

Question 18

The secretions of the male reproductive system empty into the?

Answer 18

Urethra

Question 19

What is the urethra?

Answer 19

The canal that runs the length of the penis and empties to the exterior.

Question 20

What are the 6 female reproductive functions for the complex female reproductive system?

Answer 20

1. Oogenesis
2. Reception of sperm
3. fertilization/ conception
4. gestation
5. parturition
6. Lactation

Question 21

What is the product of fertilization in the intrauterine wall called in the first 2 months?

Answer 21

embryo

Question 22

From 2 months to 9 months and above what is the developing fertilization product called

Answer 22

A fetus

Question 23

Where is the female reproductive tract and ovaries located?

Answer 23

pelvic cavity

Question 24

What makes up the female reproductive tract

Answer 24

2 oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, cervix, cervical canal, ovaries

Question 25

What is ovulation?

Answer 25

The process of the ova being released from an ovary

Question 26

What is the structure and function of the uterus?

Answer 26

it is a thick-walled hollow organ responsible for maintaining the fetus during development and expelling it at the end of gestation.

Question 27

where is the site of fertilization?

Answer 27

the fallopian tubes

Question 28

what is the vagina?

Answer 28

It is a muscular expandable tube and connects the uterus to the external environment.

Question 29

The cervix projects into the__________

Answer 29

vagina

Question 30

The vaginal opening is located in the ?

Answer 30

perineum(The external region that bounds the pelvic outlet)

Question 31

The perineum is covered by a thin mucous membrane called the?

Answer 31

hymen

Question 32

What surrounds the vaginal and urethral openings?

Answer 32

the labia minor and labia majora

Question 33

What is the clitoris ?

Answer 33

it is erotic tissue that is mostly located internally except the externally visible part is called the glans clitoris.

Question 34

The glans clitoris is made from similar tissue as the?

Answer 34

the glans penis

Question 35

What is the female external genitalia collectively referred to as?

Answer 35

vulva

Question 36

How many chromosomes does a somatic cell have

Answer 36

46 (Diploid)

Question 36

Chromosomes composing a matching pair are called?

Answer 36

homologouus chromosomes

Question 36

what is crossing over

Answer 36

refers to the physical exchange of chromosome material between the homologous pairs before their separation during the first meiotic division

Question 37

sex determination is determined by?

Answer 37

The combination of sex chromosomes

Question 37

Explain the difference in chromosome pair splitting in oogenesis and spermatogenesis

Answer 37

spermatogenesis: half of the sperm receive an X chromosome and the other half receives the Y chromosome oogenesis: every ovum gets an X chromosome

Question 37

When is genetic sex determined?

Answer 37

At the time of conception

Question 37

How many chromosomes do gametes have

Answer 37

23 (Haploid)

Question 38

What determines gender?

Answer 38

The male's sperm (presence of it having the X or Y chromosome)

Question 39

what are the three sex levels that males and females differ?

Answer 39

genetic sex, gonadal sex, phenotypic sex

Question 40

what is gonadal sex

Answer 40

Whether testes or ovaries will develop due to the influence of genetic sex

Question 41

when does gonadal specificity occur?

Answer 41

During the 7th week of pregnancy when the gonadal ridge of a genetic male begins to differentiate into testes under the influence of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY)

Question 42

What gene is solely responsible for sex determination

Answer 42

SRY

Question 43

How does SRY masculinize the gonads?

Answer 43

by coding for the production of testis-determining factor (TDF) within primitive gonadal cells which then direct a series of events that leads to differentiation of the gonads into testes.

Question 44

What is the other name for TDF?

Answer 44

SRY protein

Question 45

Then how do females become females?

Answer 45

they lack SRY and consequently do not produce TDF, so by the 9th week of pregnancy the undifferentiated gonads start developing into ovaries guided by specific female gene products.

Question 46

What is phenotypical sex?

Answer 46

the apparent anatomic sex of an individual which is hormonally mediated and influenced by gonadal sex.

Question 47

Define sex differentiation

Answer 47

Embryonic development of the external genitalia and reproductive tract along either male or female lines

Question 48

What masculanizing hormone secreted by developing testes induces differentiation into the male reproductive system?

Answer 48

androgens

Question 49

What interval of weeks of gestation is when the gender of the baby is easily distinguished due to the external genitalia?

Answer 49

10-12 weeks

Question 50

Male and female external genitalia develop from the same _______

Answer 50

embryonic tissue

Question 51

the undifferentiated external genitalia consists of (3)...........

Answer 51

genital tubercle, paired urethral folds, genital (labioscrotal) swellings

Question 52

The genital tubercle gives rise to?

Answer 52

the penis in males and clitoris in females

Question 53

What do the urethral folds give rise to in males?

Answer 53

cord of erectile tissue

Question 54

The fusion of genital swellings in males gives rise to?

Answer 54

the scrotum and prepuce

Question 55

What is the scrotum

Answer 55

the sac that houses the testes.

Question 56

What do the genital swellings and urethral folds develop into in females?

Answer 56

the labia minora and labia majora

Question 57

what is the prepuce?

Answer 57

it is the skin that covers the penis and more or less completely covers the glans penis

Question 58

what is cut during circumcision?

Answer 58

the prepuce

Question 59

What are the two primitive duct systems that develop in all embryos?

Answer 59

the Wolffian ducts and the Müllerian ducts

Question 60

Which primitive duct does the male reproductive duct develop from?

Answer 60

the Wolffian ducts and the Mullerian ducts degenerate

Question 61

What primitive duct does the female reproductive tract develop from?

Answer 61

Mullerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts regress

Question 62

Development of the reproductive tract in males and females depends on the presence of which 2 hormones in the fetal testes?

Answer 62

testosterone produced by Leydig cells and Mullerian-inhibiting factor produced by the early Sertoli cells.