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Biology > Natural Selection Exam > Flashcards

Natural Selection Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Fossils

A

some sort of preserved remain of a life form

ex. amber, tar, ice/frozen, sedimentary rock, petrification

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2
Q

petrification

A

when a structure trapped in sediment is replaced by minerals

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3
Q

panagea

A

super-continent existing about 200 million years ago. separation example of gradualism

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4
Q

paleontology

A

the study of fossils (plants, animals, etc)

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5
Q

relative dating

A

estimates the age of a fossil based on its placement in a layering of rock

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6
Q

radioactive/radiometric dating

A

uses mathematical formulas to study the amount of radioactive isotopes in a fossil

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7
Q

half life

A

the amount of time it takes a half radioactive isotope to decay into a new stable element

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8
Q

C-14/U-238

A

Used to study recent bones, becomes N in 5730 years

Used to study petrification, becomes Pb in 4.5 billion years

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9
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamark

A

A scientist who tried to explain how modern life forms differed from fossils

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10
Q

inheritance of acquired traits

A

Lamark’s idea that when an organism uses or doesn’t use a certain body part, it will develop certain characteristics and also passes these characteristic tot heir offspring.
ex. kangaroo, giraffe

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11
Q

use and disuse

A

inheritance of acquired traits

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12
Q

Lyell

A

Scientist who’s book and theories influenced Darwin

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13
Q

gradualism

A

the theory that the Earth has been slowly shaped by natural forces
ex. continental drift, canyons (erosion), volcanoes

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14
Q

continental drift

A

example of gradualism, panagea gradually separating

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15
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Believed that human suffering (like famine) was due to the fact that populations grow faster than resources (crops) can be produced.

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16
Q

artificial selection

A

when humans control who reproduce

ex. horses (race vs work), dogs, plants

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17
Q

Darwin

A

father of evolution, famous naturalist, whose trip on the HMS beagle brought him to the Galapagos Islands.Originally was a natural theology major in college and was going to be a doctor but couldn’t take surgery.

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18
Q

Galapagos Islands

A

Islands that Darwin studied the animals and observed the similarities and differences from those of South America.

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19
Q

Natural Selection

A

the process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring on average than do other individuals
ex. light vs dark rats, finches, moths

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20
Q

Evolution

A

all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time

descent with modification or changes in the occurrences of genetic traits in a population due to natural selection resulting in the transformation of all life over long periods of time

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21
Q

remodeling

A

listen 3:00

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22
Q

adaptation

A

an inherited characteristic that improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

a trait that allows an organism to survive in its environment.

example:
Galapagos Finches
Jack rabbit: fur blends well in desert

23
Q

homeotic genes

A

regions od DNA that are responsible for turning on and off other genes. They regulate the timing of gene activities by making regulatory proteins that turn genes on.
ex. srY genes: determine the gender of baby

24
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

remnant of a structure that may have had a larger function in a species ancestors but has a lesser function today.

ex. whales w/hipbones

25
Q

comparative biochemistry

A

comparing the species of a similar organism

26
Q

homologous structure

A

similar structures in a species that share a common ancestor

have a slight modification

27
Q

pesticide resistance

A

a pesticide kills most of the bugs, but there is usually a survivor. That survivor reproduces and usually passes on the trait for pesticide resistance. This is why farmers change pesticides every few years.

28
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

Not taking an antibiotic for the allotted period of time will not kill all the bacteria. The bacteria left will reproduce and be resistant to that antibiotic, causing a need for new and expensive antibiotics

29
Q

peppered moths

A

Industrial Revolution caused pollution, which led to the environment turning black. At the time there were 2 moths, black and white. The white were surviving before but now nature was selecting the black one, due to its ability to blend into the dark forest.

30
Q

Malaria Resistance

A

Those who are carriers of sickle cell are malaria resistant, advantageous trait where malaria is prominent

31
Q

HIV/CCR5

A

people who are HIV resistant are missing a CCR5 protein on their cells (the doorknob)

32
Q

lactose intolerant

A

disadvantage

33
Q

Taxonomy

A

the study of naming all organisms and placing them in groups

34
Q

Taxon

A

a level, one step, 1 layer of taxonomy

35
Q

Linneaus

A

the father of taxonomy.

36
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

Linneaus developed a 2 part name, or binomial. The first part is the genus and the second is the species

37
Q

Scientific Name

A

the 2 names used global to refer to a life form

38
Q

Classification hierarchy

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

39
Q

Human classification

A

the part of taxonomy where life forms are grouped with others with similar ancestry or appearance

40
Q

Domains

A

archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes

41
Q

convergent evolution

A

organisms who aren’t closely related look the same because it benefits them in their environment. Similar adaptations that will help them survive the same environment

42
Q

caldogram

A

a phylogenetic diagram that specifies unique features

ex. in book shows animals with backbones

43
Q

analogous traits

A

similar adaptations that result from convergent evolution

ex. wings of insects and birds

44
Q

spontaneous generation

A

In the middle ages, people accepted that life forms could arise spontaneously from non-life.
ex. a scientist showed if you mix wheat and sweaty underwear in a jar you would make mice

45
Q

Redi

A

proved that maggots came from flies laying eggs on the meat

First to disprove spontaneous generation. His experiment had 3 jars with meat in it. One jar sealed close, one open, and the last was covered in netting. The one without the lid had maggots, both of the other none

46
Q

Pastuer

A

proved that bacteria in the air caused things to mold

also disproved spontaneous fertilization. Boiled meat broth in flask until it became pliable, and bent it into the shape of an s, which allowed air to enter the flasks but airborne microorganisms couldn’t. No microorganism grew until he tilted the flask so the microorganisms could settle

47
Q

Panspermia

A

Cricks theory that some organic monomers could come from space on meteorites which could have helped make the first cell

48
Q

Big Bang

A

Theory that the universe began as a burst of fireworks, those bursts were the beginning of time

49
Q

Lemaitre

A

A catholic priest who traveled with Einstein and theorized the Big Bang

50
Q

Miller

A

his experiment showed how organic compounds first formed on earth from the atmosphere

51
Q

JPL polymers

A

Attempted to make polymers

in experiment needed monomers, energy (heat), catalyst (clay).

52
Q

Pre-cells

A

non-living cells. They are composed of polypeptides and RNA surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane

53
Q

Anaerobe

A

an organism that doesn’t need oxygen to survive

54
Q

microfossils

A

very small fossil that can only be viewed with a microscope.

Biology (18 decks)

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