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Alex's First Aid Cards > 337 - 339 - GI Anatomy > Flashcards

337 - 339 - GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the gut wall?

A

inside → outside:

1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa
mnemonic: MSMS

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2
Q

What are the 3 main structures within the gut mucosa, and what are their main functions?

A
  1. Epithleium - absorption
  2. Lamina propria - support
  3. Muscularis mucosa - motility
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3
Q

What important structure is contained within the submucosa?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner)

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4
Q

What are the 3 main components and corresponding functions of the muscularis externa?

A
  1. Inner circular muscle layer - motility
  2. Myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach) - control mm. contractions
  3. Outer longitudinal muscle layer - motility
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5
Q

What is the function of the serosa? What is its name when it becomes retroperitoneal?

A

Function: support

Becomes the adventitia when retroperitoneal

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6
Q

Differentiate between an ulcer and an erosion of the gut wall?

A

Erosions are in the mucosa only while ulcers can extend into the submucosa, inner or outer muscular layer (of the muscularis externa).

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7
Q

What are the frequencies of basal electrical rhythm (slow waves) in the:

  • Stomach?
  • Duodenum?
  • Ileum?
A
  • Stomach: 3 waves/min
  • Duodenum: 12 waves/min
  • Ileum: 8-9 waves/min
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8
Q

Histological appearance of the esophagus:

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Histological appearance of the stomach:

A

gastric glands

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10
Q

Histological appearance of the duodenum:

A
  1. Villi and microvilla ↑ absorptive surface
  2. Brunner glands (submucosa)
  3. Crypts of Lieberkühn
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11
Q

Histological appearance of the jejunum:

A
  1. Plicae circularis

2. Crypts of Lieberkühn

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12
Q

Histological appearance of the ileum:

A
  1. Peyer patches (lamina propria, submucosa)
  2. Plicae circulares (proximal ileum)
  3. Crypts of Lieberkühn
  4. Lots of goblet cells (largest # in the sm. intestine)
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13
Q

Histological appearance of the colon:

A
  1. Crypts of Lieberkün but no villi

2. Numerous goblet cells

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14
Q

Give the vertebral levels for the following structures:

  • Celiac trunk
  • SMA
  • L renal artery
  • IMA
  • Bifurcation of abd. aorta
A
  • Celiac trunk - T12
  • SMA - L1
  • L renal artery - L1
  • IMA - L3
  • Bifurcation of abd. aorta - L4 (“bifourcation”)
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15
Q

What artery comes off the abdominal aorta between the two branches of the common iliacs?

A

Median sacral artery

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16
Q

Does the right or left testicular (ovarian) artery branch from the aorta first?

A

Left

17
Q

Which arteries come off the aorta on either side of the celiac trunk?

A

inferior phrenic arteries

18
Q

What artery comes off the aorta laterally to the SMA?

A

left middle suprarenal artery

19
Q

Arteries supplying GI structures branch from the aorta _______ (anteriorly/laterally) while those supplying non-GI structures branch ______ (anteriorly/laterally).

A

GI: anteriorly

non-GI: laterally

20
Q

What is the SMA syndrome?

A

When the transverse portion (third segment) of the duodenum is entrapped b/w the SMA and aorta → intestinal obstruction

21
Q

For the foregut, name the following:

  • Artery:
  • Parasympathetic innervation:
  • Vertebral level:
A
  • Artery: Celiac
  • Parasympathetic innervation: Vagus
  • Vertebral level: T12/L1
22
Q

For the midgut, name the following:

  • Artery:
  • Parasympathetic innervation:
  • Vertebral level:
A
  • Artery: SMA
  • Parasympathetic innervation: Vagus
  • Vertebral level: L1
23
Q

For the hindgut, name the following:

  • Artery:
  • Parasympathetic innervation:
  • Vertebral level:
A
  • Artery: IMA
  • Parasympathetic innervation: Pelvic
  • Vertebral level: L3
24
Q

What structures are supplied by the artery and nerves that supply the foregut?

A 
Pharynx to proximal duodenum
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Spleen (mesoderm)
25
Q

What structures are supplied by the artery and nerves that supply the midgut?

A

Distal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

26
Q

What structures are supplied by the artery and nerves that supply the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to upper portion of rectum (splenic flexure is a watershed region)

27
Q

What are the branches of the celiac trunk? What structure do these arteries supply?

A
  1. common hepatic a.
  2. splenic a.
  3. left gastric a.
    - main blood supply of the stomach
28
Q

From what artery do the short gastric arteries arise?

A

Splenic artery

29
Q

In addition to the spleen, what structure would you be concerned about if the splenic artery were blocked?

A

the stomach: the short gastrics that arise from the splenic artery have poor anastomoses

30
Q

Which arteries travel along the greater curvature of the stomach? Describe the strength of their anastomoses.

A

Left and right gastroepiploic arteries; strong anastomoses

31
Q

From what main arteries do the gastroepiploic arteries arise?

A

Left: splenic artery
Right: gastroduodenal artery

32
Q

What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?

A

hepatic artery proper

gastroduodenal artery

33
Q

What are the branches of the gastroduodenal artery?

A
  1. anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  2. posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  3. right gastroepiploic artery
34
Q

Where do the left and right gastric arteries arise? Describe their anastomoses in terms of strength.

A

Left: celiac trunk
Right: hepatic artery proper (less commonly from the common hepatic artery)
Strong anastomoses

35
Q

What artery compensates through anastomoses when the superior gastric a. (from interal thoracic/mammary) is blocked (and vice-versa)?

A

inferior epigastric a. (from external iliac)

36
Q

What artery compensates through anastomoses when the superior pancreaticoduodenal a. (from celiac trunk) is blocked (and vice-versa)?

A

inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. (from SMA)

37
Q

What artery compensates through anastomoses when the middle colic a. (from SMA) is blocked (and vice-versa)?

A

left colic a. (from IMA)

38
Q

What artery compensates through anastomoses when the superior rectal a. (from IMA) is blocked (and vice-versa)?

A

middle and inferior rectal a. (from internal iliac)

Alex's First Aid Cards (20 decks)

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