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Y-HSC 111 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the yellow pigment produced during breakdown of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

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2
Q

average number of months that RBC lives in the blood stream

A

3 months (about 100 days)

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3
Q

immature RBC released into blood stream from marrow

A

reticulocyte

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4
Q

what is a floating blood clot in the blood stream

A

embolus - a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream

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5
Q

what organ releases EPO (erythropoietin)

A

kidney

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6
Q

develops from monocytes, big eaters

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

name the process by which WBC’s squeeze through the walls of capillaries and into the tissues

A

diapedesis

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8
Q

type of anemia caused by genetic mutation in hemoglobin synthesis

A

sickle cell anemia

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9
Q

largest component of blood

A

water

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10
Q

type of WBC that triggers inflammation by releasing histamines

A

basophils

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11
Q

yellow pigment produced during breakdown of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

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12
Q

clotting disorder caused by too few platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

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13
Q

most common leukocyte

A

neutrophil

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14
Q

organelle present in all WBC’s but not in mature RBC’s

A

nucleus

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15
Q

pigment that carries oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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16
Q

genetic disorder caused by lack of a plasma clotting factor

A

hemophilia

17
Q

insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during homeostasis

A

fibrin

18
Q

describe vascular spasm

A

vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contracts

19
Q

name the three phases to coagulation

A
  1. Prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
  2. Prothrombin is converted to Thrombin
  3. Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh
20
Q

describe the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

A

INTRINSIC are already there and are triggered by negatively charged surfaces. Uses factors present within the blood
EXTRINSIC are outside factors that are triggered by exposure to the tissue factor. It bypasses several steps and therefore is FASTER than intrinsic pathway

21
Q

describe the pathway to Throbmin

A

Prothrombin activator catalyzes the transformation of prothrombin to Thrombin. Thrombin is the an active enzyme

22
Q

describe the common pathway to the fibrin mesh

A
  1. thrombin convert fibrinogen into fibrin
  2. fibrin strands form the structural base of a clot
  3. fibrin causes the plasma to become a gel-like trap for formed elements
  4. Thrombin, with Ca++, activates factor XIII
  5. Cross-links the fibrin
  6. strengthens and stabilizes the clot
23
Q

what is hemaphelia

A

someone who bleeds easily (poor clotting) because they lack one of the necessary clotting factors

24
Q

What is fibrinolysis

A

plasminogen in clot is conveted to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), factor XII and thrombin.
Plasmin digests and breaks fibrin down into amino acids

25
Q

describe some factors limiting Clot Growth or formation

A

a. swift removal and dilution of clotting factors
b. inhibition of activated clotting factors
c. platelet adhesion is prevented by anti thrombotic substances (nitric oxide, prostacyclin)

26
Q

what is a thromboembolytic disorder. describe and prevention measures

A

undesirable clot formation
1. thrombus - clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
2. embolus - a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
PREVENTION: aspirin (prevents platelets from sticking together), heparin (inhibits thrombin formation), warfarin (inhibits clotting)

27
Q

what is disseminated intravascular coagulation

A
  1. leads to widespread clotting throughout intact vessels
  2. severe bleeding occurs because residual blood is unable to clot
  3. can occur as a complication of pregnancy as a result of septicaemia (incompatible blood transfusion-blood infection)
28
Q

what are some prevention measures for thromboembolytic disorders

A

aspirin - prevents platelets from sticking together
heparin - inhibits thrombin formation
warfarin - inhibits clotting (aka. rat poison)

29
Q

name three bleeding disorders

A

Thrombocytopenia (lack of platelets)
impaired liver function (liver disease)
hemophelia (hereditary bleeding disorder)

30
Q

describe hemophelia and the types

A

lacking of one of the necessary clotting factors leading to prolonged bleeding. treated with transfusion and injection of missing factors
Hemo A - most common. deficiency in factor VIII (sex linked. mostly males)
Hemo B - deficiency of factor IX (sex linked)
Hemo C - deficiency of factor XI (Not sex linked)

31
Q

what is thrombocytopenia

A

deficient number of circulating platelets. petechiae (red spots) appear due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage & suppression /destruction of bone marrow. <50,000/mm is disgostic and treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets

32
Q

what is impaired liver function

A

inability to synthesize procoagulants. Caused by vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Can also prevent the liver from producing bile, impairing fat and bit K absorption

Y-HSC 111 (9 decks)

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