2.08 - Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Name the three outer / protective layers around the kidney

Answer 1

(Superficial - deep)
1. Pararenal fat
2. Renal fascia
3. Perirenal fat

Question 2

Describe the flow of urine through the kidney (route)

Answer 2

Cortex -> Renal pyramids -> Minor calices -> Major calices -> Renal pelvis -> Ureter

Question 3

Which renal artery is longer and why

Answer 3

Right - passes behind the aorta

Question 4

What is the order of segmentation of renal arteries

Answer 4

Renal arteries
Posterior / Anterior branches
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries

Question 5

How many segmental arteries are there per kidney

Answer 5

10
5 per ant/post branch

Question 6

Which renal vein is longer and why

Answer 6

Left - passes behind the abdominal aorta

Question 7

Where do the renal arteries originate

Answer 7

Directly from AA, immediately distal to SMA

Question 8

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys

Answer 8

Lateral / para-aortic lymph nodes
Found at the origin of the renal arteries

Question 9

Name the 5 sections of the nephron

Answer 9

Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct

Question 10

What are the three parts of the loop of henle

Answer 10

Thin descending limb
Thin ascending limb
Thick descending limb

Question 11

Which part of the loop of henle is impermeable to water

Answer 11

Thin ascending limb

Question 12

Which part of the loop of henle do loop diuretics act on

Answer 12

Thick ascending limb

Question 13

What is the name of the water transport channels present in the loop of henle and collecting duct

Answer 13

Aquaporin

Question 14

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus and what does it do

Answer 14

Bit of the DCT that is very close to bowman’s capsule
Detects renal hypoperfusion and releases Renin - RAAS

Question 15

What cells are present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 15

Macula densa cells

Question 16

What are the four anatomical sections of the bladder

Answer 16

Apex
Body
Fundus
Neck

Question 17

What are the three corners of the trigone

Answer 17

Right ureteric meatus
Left ureteric meatus
Bladder neck / Urethra

Question 18

What are the three main muscles of the bladder / urethra

Answer 18

Detrusor
Internal Urethral Sphincter
External Urethral Sphincter

Question 19

How is the dertrusor muscle specialised for its function

Answer 19

Fibres are arranged in different directions to maintain structural integrity when stretched

Question 20

What forms the internal urethral sphincter in females

Answer 20

Neck of the bladder and proximal urethra
Functional sphincter - no dedicated muscle

Question 21

What forms the internal urethral sphincter in males

Answer 21

Circular smooth muscle fibres

Question 22

Why do males have a muscular IUS and females don’t

Answer 22

Prevents seminal regurgitation during male ejaculation

Question 23

What kind of muscle is the external urethral sphincter

Answer 23

Skeletal - voluntary control

Question 24

What is the bladder stretch reflex

Answer 24

Stretching of detrusor muscle -> relaxation of the detrusor muscle -> Micturition
Overridden when toddlers are potty trained

Question 25

What nerve is involved in relaxing the detrusor muscle in the bladder stretch reflex

Answer 25

Pelvic nerve (parasympathetic)

Question 26

What nerve provides sympathetic supply to the bladder

Answer 26

Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2) Sympathetic = fight or flight = DO NOT PISS relaxes detrusor muscle -> urine retention

Question 27

What nerve provides parasympathetic supply to the bladder

Answer 27

Pelvic nerve (S2-S4) Parasympathetic = rest and digest = u can piss if u want contracts detrusor muscle -> micturition

Question 28

What nerve provides somatic supply to the bladder and external urethral sphincter

Answer 28

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) Voluntary control of micturition + feeling of needing a wee

Question 29

What arteries supply the bladder

Answer 29

Male: Superior and inferior vesical arteries Female: Vaginal arteries [All branches of Internal Iliac Arteries] Supplemental supply from Obturator and Inf. Gluteal arteries

Question 30

What is the venous drainage of the bladder

Answer 30

Vesical venous plexus -> Internal iliac veins